GENETIC TEACHER

Micro and Mini-satellite markers depend upon southern blot technique by hybridization with probe to detect target sequence and PCR with pair primers to flank variable sequence, Micro and Mini-satellite markers consider co-dominant nature markers with highly polymorphic loci with less susceptible to DNA degradation to study closely related species, Micro and Mini-satellite markers use in population studies to find differences in alleles frequencies to trace specific alleles through pedigree to identify specific genes in chromosome for forensic studies (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Microsatellite markers depend upon length differences while SNP markers depend upon one specific different, Mini-satellite markers repeat (15-35) bp with allele size (400-1000) bp such as VNTRs, Microsatellite markers repeat (1-7) bp with allele size (100-400) bp such as STRs, SSRs and ISSRs (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Microsatellite markers repeat (1-7) bp with allele size (100-400) bp such as STRs, SSRs and ISSRs, Steps of fluorescent microsatellite markers initiate by PCR amplification using fluorescently labeled primer and mix product with size marker and separate product by capillary electrophoresis to detect larger and smaller allelic fragments and detect heterozygous and homozygous alleles as well, Microsatellite markers have four types: (Perfect microsatellite markers + Imperfect microsatellite markers + Compound microsatellite markers + Complex microsatellite markers), Mutation rate of microsatellite markers range between (0.001 - 0.000001) per locus per generation (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Microsatellite markers repeat (1-7) bp with allele size (100-400) bp such as STRs, SSRs and ISSRs, Steps of fluorescent microsatellite markers initiate by PCR amplification using fluorescently labeled primer and mix product with size marker and separate product by capillary electrophoresis to detect larger and smaller allelic fragments and detect heterozygous and homozygous alleles as well, Microsatellite markers have four types: (Perfect microsatellite markers + Imperfect microsatellite markers + Compound microsatellite markers + Complex microsatellite markers), Mutation rate of microsatellite markers range between (0.001 - 0.000001) per locus per generation, Microsatellite markers depend upon length differences while SNP markers depend upon one specific different, Mini-satellite markers repeat (15-35) bp with allele size (400-1000) bp such as VNTRs, Micro and Mini-satellite markers depend upon southern blot technique by hybridization with probe to detect target sequence and PCR with ...

ISSR marker consider highly polymorphic marker or multiple polymorphic loci without require prior knowledge of template DNA sequence to study variation with unique regions of genome at several loci for closely related species, ISSR marker classify as dominant inheritance nature marker because some primers generate poor reproducible bands with repeatability issues, ISSR marker use in genetic diversity and evolutionary biology and genetic maps and gene tagging and cloning studies (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

ISSR marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using single primer of repeated DNA motifs (2-4)bp as anchors into non--repeated adjacent regions (16-18)bp to anneal to SSR sequence resulting amplification of ISSR regions that detect by agarose gel electrophoresis to score fragments as present (1) or absent (0) of particular site (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

There are two types of ISSR primers: (5’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many non-motifs at 5’) and (3’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many several non-motifs at 3’) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR marker or Multi-Loci Method) is a microsatellite DNA marker use repeated sequence primers (16-25)bp length in PCR to generate (10-60) fragments as multi-loci markers between SSR sequence, There are two types of ISSR primers: (5’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many non-motifs at 5’) and (3’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many several non-motifs at 3’) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR marker or Multi-Loci Method) is a microsatellite DNA marker use repeated sequence primers (16-25)bp length in PCR to generate (10-60) fragments as multi-loci markers between SSR sequence, There are two types of ISSR primers: (5’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many non-motifs at 5’) and (3’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many several non-motifs at 3’), ISSR marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using single primer of repeated DNA motifs (2-4)bp as anchors into non--repeated adjacent regions (16-18)bp to anneal to SSR sequence resulting amplification of ISSR regions that detect by agarose gel electrophoresis to score fragments as present (1) or absent (0) of particular site, ISSR marker consider highly polymorphic marker or multiple polymorphic loci without require prior knowledge of template DNA sequence to study variation with unique regions of genome at several loci for closely relat...

SSR marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with locus specific and multiple alleles and highly polymorphism with stability and reproducibility, SSR marker have scarcity polymorphic loci and low efficiency for massive samples because it require prior knowledge of DNA sequence at both ends of repeated motif therefore SSR marker consider expensive and time consuming marker, SSR marker use in genetic diversity studies and germplasm characterization and DNA fingerprinting profiling and genetic maps (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Simple Sequence Repeat or SSR marker is microsatellite DNA marker cover almost entire genome with 18 to 25 of repetitive sequences of Primer, SSR marker initiate by extracting DNA for PCR amplification using fluorescent or regular primers and detect amplified DNA fragments with agarose gel electrophoresis to compare bands patterns (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Simple Sequence Repeat or SSR marker is microsatellite DNA marker cover almost entire genome with 18 to 25 of repetitive sequences of Primer, SSR marker initiate by extracting DNA for PCR amplification using fluorescent or regular primers and detect amplified DNA fragments with agarose gel electrophoresis to compare bands patterns, SSR marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with locus specific and multiple alleles and highly polymorphism with stability and reproducibility, SSR marker have scarcity polymorphic loci and low efficiency for massive samples because it require prior knowledge of DNA sequence at both ends of repeated motif therefore SSR marker consider expensive and time consuming marker, SSR marker use in genetic diversity studies and germplasm characterization and DNA fingerprinting profiling and genetic maps (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

STR marker have two types (Autosomal STR provide information about inheritance from parents) (Sex chromosomal STR provide information about inheritance from males or females hence Y-STR marker found in Y chromosome and inherit in block without recombination as haplotype which use for exclusion and paternal lineage analysis (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

STR marker useful on degraded DNA and consider co-dominant and multiple alleles marker with highly polymorphic nature and stability inheritance on the other hand STR marker have poor bio statistical efficiency leading to possibility observe one or more genetic inconsistencies explained as mutational events, STR marker use in genetic diversity by demonstrating high mutation rates which leading to new alleles within population and DNA fingerprinting and paternity verification and genetic maps and linkage analysis and gene expression studies (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

STR marker initiate by DNA extraction and PCR amplification using fluorescent label primers and separate amplified DNA fragment by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or capillary electrophoresis to compare bands pattern with known STR profiles (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

STR sequence name by length of repeat unit (Mononucleotide repeats has one nucleotide repeated next to each other in repeat unit) (Dinucleotide repeats have two nucleotides repeated next to each other in repeat unit) (Tri-nucleotide repeats have three nucleotides repeated in repeat unit) (Tetra-nucleotides repeats have four nucleotides repeated in repeat unit) (Penta-nucleotides repeats have five nucleotides repeated in repeat unit) refer to different alleles with different number of repeats (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Short Tandem Repeat or STR marker is microsatellite DNA marker occur when short sequence of DNA (1-7)bp repeated adjacent each other in row in genome resulting DNA segments 400 bp in length, (Short= Rang from (1-7)bp in length) (Tandem= Locate adjacent each other at specific locus) (Repeat= Repeat many times in chromosome) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Short Tandem Repeat or STR marker is microsatellite DNA marker occur when short sequence of DNA (1-7)bp repeated adjacent each other in row in genome resulting DNA segments 400 bp in length, (Short= Rang from (1-7)bp in length) (Tandem= Locate adjacent each other at specific locus) (Repeat= Repeat many times in chromosome), STR sequence name by length of repeat unit (Mononucleotide repeats has one nucleotide repeated next to each other in repeat unit) (Dinucleotide repeats have two nucleotides repeated next to each other in repeat unit) (Tri-nucleotide repeats have three nucleotides repeated in repeat unit) (Tetra-nucleotides repeats have four nucleotides repeated in repeat unit) (Penta-nucleotides repeats have five nucleotides repeated in repeat unit) refer to different alleles with different number of repeats, STR marker initiate by DNA extraction and PCR amplification using fluorescent label primers and separate amplified DNA fragment by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or capi...

VNTR marker classify as highly polymorphic and co-dominant marker with multiple loci by creating banding pattern that is unique for each individual, VNTR markers use in genetic linkage studies by finding difference allele frequencies and genetic diversity within group of organisms and DNA fingerprinting by studying specific genes position for genetic map which may be useful in gene expression studies (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

VNTR marker initiate by extracting DNA and digest DNA with restriction enzymes to obtain multiple repeats sequence in form of bands on gel electrophoresis and hybridize by DNA probe to detect repeated sequence (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Variable Number Tandem Repeats or VNTR marker is a minisatellite DNA marker with various tandem repetitions of specific sequence present on a variety of chromosomes between individuals cluster and oriented together in same direction (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Variable Number Tandem Repeats or VNTR marker is a minisatellite DNA marker with various tandem repetitions of specific sequence present on a variety of chromosomes between individuals cluster and oriented together in same direction, VNTR marker initiate by extracting DNA and digest DNA with restriction enzymes to obtain multiple repeats sequence in form of bands on gel electrophoresis and hybridize by DNA probe to detect repeated sequence, VNTR marker classify as highly polymorphic and co-dominant marker with multiple loci by creating banding pattern that is unique for each individual, VNTR markers use in genetic linkage studies by finding difference allele frequencies and genetic diversity within group of organisms and DNA fingerprinting by studying specific genes position for genetic map which may be useful in gene expression studies (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher