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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing Method or Chemical Cleavage Sequencing Method

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October 02, 2025

Maxam and Gilbert Sequencing Method is first generation sequencing method cleave specific DNA molecule by certain chemicals and subsequent cleavage at specific bases

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Labels

-20oC
-20oC Freezers
-80oC
-80oC Freezer
(####) Errors due to big number
(#DIV/0!) Errors due to the formula that divided to zero
(#N/A) Undefined formula
(#NAME?) Errors due to wrong formula
(#NULL!) Unknown
(#VALUE!) Error in values

(0.22 Micrometer Filters use for sterilization) and (0.45 Micrometer Filters use for particle removal) and (5 Micrometer Filters and above use for pre-filtration)
(3’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many several non-motifs at 3’)
(5’ anchored primer= Consist of repeated motifs with one or many non-motifs at 5’)
(Add 1% of agarose powder + Melt agarose in 0.5 X TBE buffer + After cooling to 50% add 1 microliter ethidium bromide + Pour agarose in gel caster + Leave casting agarose to solidify)
(BLAST P compares against protein sequence database)
(BLAST X compares against protein sequence database)
(Cellulose Acetate Filters Ideal for aqueous solutions) and (Polypropylene Filters Ideal for harsh chemicals) and (Nylon Filters Ideal for organic solvents)
(Control + O= Opens previously saved document)
(Control + S= Saves the active document)
(Control + W= Closes the active window without exit excel)
(Control +N= Open new workbook quickly)
(Deionized water + PCR Mix + 10 Pico mole forward primer and 10 Pico mole reverse primer + DNA template) and after complete PCR reaction DNA samples load in wells of agarose gel from cathode to anode
(DNA-50) for DNA samples
(Modular Ice Machine + Undercounter Ice Machine + Counter Top Ice Machines + Ice Dispenser Machine) + Storage Bin of Ice Maker
(Negative correlation= Ranged Between Zero and -1)
(No correlation= zero)
(Perfect negative correlation= -1)
(Perfect positive correlation= +1)
(Positive correlation= Ranged Between Zero and +1)
(RNA-40) for RNA samples
(ssDNA-33) for single strand DNA
(Sterile Syringe Filters use for microbiological and cell culture applications) and (Non-Sterile Syringe Filters use for routine sample clarification)
(T BLAST N compares against translated nucleotide sequence database)
+1selective PCR of adaptor sequences and OPA
0-10 microliter
0.1 N HC
0.1 N HCL
0.3% Agarsoe Gel separate (5 - 60) Kbp
0.5 microliters Taq DNA polymerase
0.5% Agar
0.5% Agarsoe Gel separate (1 - 30) Kbp
0.5X TBE Buffer
0.7% Agarsoe Gel separate (0.8 - 12) Kbp
1 centimeter of DNA appear opposite 1500 basepair ladder
1 Kbp of DNA encodes 333 amino acids= 36 kilo Daltons
1 Kbp of DNA= 650 Daltons
1 microliters for each primer (5 pico-mole)
1 ml
1- Add Antigen
1- Base
1- Before start autoclave cycle check drain and standard water level inside autoclave chamber
1- casting stand
1- Chemical Sciences
1- Choose the required sequence as query
1- click on file
1- Column Chromatography
1- Container or Tanks (Made of stainless steel to keep test samples in constant hot water for period of time)
1- Coomassie blue staining
1- Depth Filter
1- Don’t place explosive and flammable materials inside chamber
1- Don’t touch plug tight into socket with wet hand
1- Electron optical Column
1- Ensure local voltage matches to avoid serious injury
1- Ensure working area clean and tidy
1- Eyepiece or Ocular Lens
1- Fan (Facilitate air circulation)
1- General Mixing
1- Go to data menu
1- Go to format cells or right click on selected cells that needed to format
1- Heat sterilization (Dry Heat + Moist Heat)
1- If the pH less than 7 the solution will be acid
1- Improve solubility of poor soluble substances
1- Ionizing Radiation such as X-rays and Gamma rays that sterilize syringes and gloves and plastic tubes
1- Keyboard (Use to set target temperature and time)
1- Maintain Temperature for chemical reactions
1- Orbital Shaker (Used for microorganisms cultures)
1- Place electrode of pH Meter in (buffer 7) then read
1- Place hot plate on clean and flat surface
1- Put shaker on horizontal and dried and leveled and stable surface
1- Red Heat Sterilization
1- Remove Shelves
1- Sample is introduced through column
1- Select chart layout
1- Short Sequences Length
1- Special techniques of thin sections are needed to prepare specimens before observation
1- Sterilization Below 100 degree Celsius
1- sterilize Loops and Needles
1- Stirring knob or Button use to set desired speed
1- The first way doing by using ToolPak tools to get DATA analysis Icon
1- To compare short sequence to large one
1- To Study Topography (surface features of object or how looks and its texture)
1- Turn On light source
1- Use toothpick to gently scarp the inner lining of check
1- Wash glassware and instruments in hot soap water to clean internal parts
1- Wash rotor with soap
1- wear heat resistant gloves during operation to avoid hands burns
1.2% Agarsoe Gel separate (0.3 - 7) Kbp
1.34 centimeter of DNA appear opposite 1200 basepair ladder
1.5 centimeter of DNA appear opposite 1000 basepair ladder
1% Agarsoe Gel separate (0.5 - 10) Kbp
10 % acrylamide (20 – 80) Kda
10-100 microliter
10% water use in chemical processes in plant tissues
100-1000 microliter
100000X
100X= Examine in more details the findings
10X= Examine any finding closely
12 % acrylamide (12 – 60) Kda
15 % acrylamide (10 – 43) KDa
160 to 180 degree Celsius
1n Haploid
2 microliters Template DNA
2- air Hole Slightly Open
2- Bacterial Suspensions
2- Biosciences
2- build guide tree by neighbor joining method
2- casting frame
2- Click on data analysis icon
2- Click on options
2- Display Panel (Use to Display working state and all setting)
2- Don’t place hot items directly after operation on cold surface to avoid sudden changes temperatures
2- Don’t put any heavy on power code to avoid electrical shock
2- Don’t put water or liquid into block wells
2- Dry moist items
2- Flame Vessels Mouth during Inoculation
2- Flaming Heat sterilization
2- Heat Solvents for chemical reactions
2- Heater (Generate heat)
2- Heating Knob or Button use to set desired heating
2- If the pH greater than 7 the solution will be basic
2- Leaves enough space around shaker for easily access
2- Light Match to get Fire
2- Melt some substances
2- Membrane Filter
2- Needle Valve
2- negative staining
2- Non-ionizing Radiation such as Infrared and Ultraviolet that sterilize bench work
2- Objective Lenses
2- Paper Chromatography
2- Place materials without overloading chamber and containers (70% better for efficient sterilization)
2- Press Switch ON
2- Put the scarping on the clean glass slide and add one drop of methylene blue
2- Radiation Sterilization (Non-ionizing Radiation + ionizing Radiation)
2- Rearrangement Sequences
2- Remove dirt by using mild soap solution and sponge
2- Rinse electrode with distilled water
2- Rinse rotor with warm water
2- Rinse them three times with tap water and three times with distilled water
2- Rocking Shaker (Used in molecular biology and biochemistry labs for washing gels and membranes and for binding assays and hybridization as well)
2- Sample components moves to column with high pressure delivered from pump for separating
2- Select BLAST program
2- Select format cells
2- Select vertical error bars
2- Shelves (Allow good air flow)
2- Specimen must be hold inside vacuum chamber because electrons don’t travel very fast in air
2- Sterilization at 100 degree Celsius
2- The second way doing by using formula
2- To compare a single sequence to entire database
2- To Study Morphology (shape and size of particles making up object)
2- Turn objective lens to low
2- vacuum Systems (Chamber produce vacuum + Valves control vacuum + gauges monitor vacuum)
2- Wash with PBST
2- Wear Face Shield
2- Wear gloves when handling immersion oil and stains
260/280 ratio
2n Dipliod
3- signal Detection (Detectors collect signals + Electron produce image)
3- Add Primary Antibody
3- Air Filter
3- Air Hole Half Open
3- Arrange items in manner without overloading for free air circulation
3- Block (Use to load samples tubes)
3- casting stand gasket
3- Choose the database to search
3- Clean lens gently with lens tissue immediately after use
3- Click OK
3- click on (Add Ins)
3- Consumer Products
3- Cover with cover slip and observe with light microscope
3- Don’t heat flammable or explosive substances
3- Don’t place any explosion or flammable materials beside/inside incubator
3- Door (Provide tight seal)
3- Dry Salts
3- Dry them in clean place
3- Filter Sterilization (Depth Filter + Membrane Filter + Air Filter)
3- Gas Inlet
3- Hold match fire above Bunsen Burner
3- If the pH equal 7 the solution will be Neutral
3- Incineration Heat Sterilization
3- Keep shaker away from heat and direct sunlight
3- Lower objective lens without touch slide
3- Melt Substances to maker easier to work with them
3- Microbial Culture
3- Nose-Piece
3- Place electrode in (buffer 4) then read
3- Place vessels or container with liquid solutions on the surface center
3- progressive alignment guided by tree by aligned sequences progressively
3- Rinse rotor with distilled water
3- Rinse soap solution twice with distilled water
3- select custom
3- Select t-test
3- Separated components detects by detector to measure their accounts
3- silver staining
3- Slippage Sequences
3- Sterilization above 100 degree Celsius
3- Stir Bar coated with Teflon or glass to not be chemically react with used mixture
3- The third way doing by using manual entry
3- Thermostats (Maintain heat temperature at constant level)
3- Thin Layer Chromatography
3- To compare partial sequence to the whole sequence
3- To study Chemistry (elements and compounds)
3- Warm chemical reagents
3- Wear Surgical Gloves
3' → 5'
300000X
39.5 sterile distilled water
4- Arm and Base
4- adjust required temperate by temperature knob or button
4- Adjust the optional parameters and click BLAST
4- Air Hole Fully Open (Blue Flame – very Hot)
4- Center image by moving stage
4- Check Break Tubes
4- Click OK
4- Click on specify value
4- comb
4- Don’t touch hot surface block
4- Dry all rinsed parts with paper towel
4- Environmental Sciences
4- Evaporate solvents which are leaving behind solid sample
4- fluorescent staining
4- Gas Chromatography
4- Gas Control
4- Heat source of flammable chemicals
4- Hot Air Over Sterilization
4- Identify water Crystallization
4- In the manage box select excel (Add Ins) then click GO
4- Leave rotor side down to dry overnight at room temperature
4- Mixed DNA or RNA Templates
4- Power Switch
4- Rinse electrode in distilled water
4- Solubility Testing
4- Stage
4- Thermocouples (Achieve temperature monitoring)
4- To identify newly determined sequences
4- Turn On Gas Tap
4- Use aluminum foil for sterilization
4- Wash with PBST
40X= Examine any finding in a greater details
450 nm
4oC
4oC Refrigerators
5 % acrylamide (57 – 212) KDa
5 microliters 10X reaction buffer
5 ml venous blood
5 X TBE Buffer
5- Add Secondary Antibody
5- Adjust diaphragm for optimum light
5- Check Rotor Balance
5- Clean electrode
5- Determine Melting Point
5- Diagnostic Tests
5- fluorescent labelling
5- gel releaser
5- In (Add-Ins) box check analysis ToolPak then click OK to get DATA Icon
5- Magnesium ions Cofactor of enzyme
5- Open Air Hole to Get Blue Flam
5- Pharmaceutical
5- Place rotor at 4 degree Celsius
5- Power Connector
5- select positive and negative error value
5- Sequences of Primer Dimer
5- Stage Clip
6- Adjust focus
6- Cell Culture
6- Click OK
6- Clinical
6- Light Source
6- Noisy or Weak Signal of Sequences
6- radioactive labelling
6- Wash with PBST
7- Add Substrate for Enzyme
7- Diaphragm
7- Extraction Procedures
7.5 % acrylamide (36 – 94) Kda
70% Ethanol
70% ethyl alcohol
8- Coarse Adjustment Knob
8- Observe color development
8- Washing Procedures
8X= Obtain initial focus on a sample to scan a slide for a point of interest
9 ml
9- Fine Adjustment Knob
A codon can be interrupted by an intron in one of three places Phase 0 and Phase 1 and Phase 2and all of these phases called Intron phase which are important for splicing in transcription level
A-Site
abnormal chromosome separation
abscence of Oxygen
absence oxygen
absorb water in ground
absorbance reading
absorbing heat
Accurate temperature control
Acentric Chromosome
acetic acid
Acetic Alcohol Fixative
Acetocarmine Stain
Acid Fast Stains
Acidic Stains
acidity
Acquired
Acrocentric
Acrylamide
Acrylamide Gel
active cell border
Active growth roots
Add 0.1 ml diluted liquid bacterial sample over surface of agar media
Add 1 ml liquid media to all other tubes
Add 2 ml antibiotic solution to first tube
add 2.7 millimeters distilled water + 0.67 millimeters 30% acrylamide + 0.5 millimeters 1MTris with pH 6.8 + 0.04 millimeters 10% SDS etc...
Add 5 drops of test bacterial culture in test tube
Add diluted samples to sample buffer
Add Extraction Solvent
Add Ground Glass Stopper
Addition
Additive effects of morphological markers represent main effects of alleles
Adenine
Adenine (A)
Adenosine nucleotide to ECOR-1 adaptor and Cytosine nucleotide to Mse-1 adaptor complementary to adaptors and restriction sites to only subset fragments
Adventitious root
Aeration
aerobic bacterial ability
aerobic respiration
AFLP Marker based on selective PCR amplification of digested DNA fragments after digest DNA and ligate to synthetic adaptors and amplifying by primers that carry selective nucleotides at their 3 ends
AFLP Marker detect genomic restriction fragments using PCR amplification for detection restriction fragments
AFLP Marker is a dominant inheritance marker because it doesn't distinguish between heterozygous and homozygous alleles and generate huge information leading to require technically skills
AFLP markers use to analyze specific fragments of genomic DNA
AFLP use restriction enzymes to digest genomic DNA and adaptors to ligate digested DNA fragments and preselective and selective PCR amplification of ligated fragments and vertical gel electrophoresis
After incubation
After obtain F1 crosses doubling pollen microspores of F1 crosses to induced chromosome to get double haploid crosses
After select the data analysis icon from data menu select (ANOVA Single Factor) and click OK and select input and output range and click OK to enjoy the output
Agar
Agar (Solidify culture media)
Agar Deep
Agar Deep Media
Agar Plate
Agar Plate Media
Agar Plates
Agar Pour Plate
Agar Slant
Agar Slant Media
Agarose
Agarose Gel
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis is a method to separate DNA or RNA molecules by size by moving negatively charged nucleic acids molecules through agarose matrix with an electrical field (electrophoresis)
Agarose gel separates DNA fragments according to size by using electrical current carriers negative charged DNA through gel to positive electrode
agarose powder
Age
Agitation
Air
air circulate
Air Dry
air flow
Air Hole
airflow
Airflow Filter
Airfoil
Airfoil (Less airflow)
Alarm
Alarm Beep
alcohol fermentation
Algae
Algology
alkalinity
All organisms made up (one or more cell)
All organisms made up one or more cell
Allele
Allele is the different forms of genetic variation at a given gene or genetic locus
Alleles
alleles combinations
allow the gel to stain for 25 to 30 minutes
Allow wax settle
alternative form of gene
Aluminum surface hot plate
Always begin focusing with 4X or 8X objective lens by using coarse
amino acids
Amino Acid
amino acids
Amoeba Cell
amplify DNA
Amplify DNA in minutes
Amplify region of interested DNA molecule and label amplified DNA with radioactivity or fluorescence label probe and apply incubation with protein and immunoprecipitation and apply DNA modification
Anaerobic bacteria
Anaerobic Gas-pak Method
anaerobic respiration
Analysis density
Analysis of PCR Products
Analytic Balance
Analytical Balance
analyze large scale gene expression in many samples to detect changes of gene expression
Analyze Metaphase Spread
Anaphase
Anaphase Index
Anaphase one
Anaphase two
and medicine
and the bottom of the gel box attach to positive power outlet
Aneuploidy
Aneuploidy cells
Animal
Animal Cell
Anneal primers with the separated strands of DNA at 55 to 65 degree Celsius
Anneal to SSR sequence resulting amplification of ISSR regions that detect by agarose gel electrophoresis to score fragments as present (1) or absent (0) of particular site
Annealing
Annealing Phase (Temperature variables for specific primers)
Annealing temperature at 37 to 45 for1 minute
Antagonism
Anther
Antibacterial
Antibacterial Sensitivity
Antibiotic
Antibiotic disc space on agar surface must be 2.5 cm to avoid inhibition zone overlapping
Antibiotic Discs
Antibiotic sensitivity tests
antibiotics and biochemical reagents
Anticodon
antiparallel
apical meristem
Application
Apply electric field along length of capillary tube for separation and detect separation by detector and record data in frame of electrogram
Apply mainly multiple samples with different volumes
Apply single and multiple samples
Apply stain
apron
Aqueous Solution
Archaea Cells
arm length chromosome
around centromere
Artificial media
Asexual Method
Association Studies
Association studies compare group of interested genes to control genes indicating SNP near to genes control traits
assort independently
Atmospheric Pressure
atomic absorption spectrophotometer
Atomizer
ATP
Attach cable to electricity
Auto reverse mode
Autoclave
Autoclave body position must be in distance space 50 to 70 centimeter from around room walls and standard cover water must cover heater to avoid autoclave explosion
Autoclave chamber
Autoclave Cycle
Autoclave Media
Autoclave work with combination of high temperature and high steam pressure
Automatic Colony Counter
Autopsy
Autosomal STR provide information about inheritance from parents
Autosome Chromosomes
Avoid direct airflow and dust
Avoid direct sunlight
Avoid extreme temperature
Avoid high traffic area (people walking) in front of cabinet
Avoid mix solid and flammable substances
Avoid objects magnetic field
B-mercaptoethanol
B-mercaptoethanol use to break disulphide bonds
Bacillus
Bacteria
Bacteria Copies DNA
bacteria degrade amino acid
bacteria stain with blue to purple color
bacteria stain with pink to red color
Bacterial ability extracellular proteolytic and gelatinases hydrolyze gelatin
Bacterial ability resist antibiotic due to its inherent structural or functional characteristics
Bacterial Asexually Reproduction
Bacterial Binary Fashion
Bacterial Biochemical Test
Bacterial Catalase Test
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial Cell Activity
Bacterial Cell Counting by Light Microscope Method
Bacterial cell Mass
Bacterial Cell Mass Measurements
Bacterial Cell Numbers
Bacterial Cells
bacterial Cells Counting
Bacterial Cells Counting in Liquid Media
Bacterial Cells Stains
bacterial cells visualization
Bacterial Circular Shape
Bacterial Citrate Test
Bacterial Coagulase Test
Bacterial Colonies
Bacterial Colonies Morphologies
Bacterial Colony Forming Unit
Bacterial Colony Morphology
Bacterial Counter
Bacterial Counts
bacterial culture
bacterial Dilution
Bacterial Elevation Form
Bacterial Filamentous Shape
bacterial grow only at line inoculation
Bacterial Growth
Bacterial Growth Media
Bacterial Growth Rate
bacterial growth spread away from line inoculation
Bacterial Growth Uniformly
bacterial hydrolyzed starch
Bacterial Indole Test
Bacterial Inoculation
Bacterial Lactose Fermentation Test
Bacterial Liquid Culture
Bacterial Margin Form
Bacterial Metabolic Activities
Bacterial Motility
bacterial motility and mobility
Bacterial Motility Test
Bacterial Nitrate Test
Bacterial Oxidase Test
Bacterial resist toward antibiotic by acquiring coding genes
bacterial resistant toward antibiotic in Minimal concentration of antibiotic
Bacterial Rhizoid Shape
Bacterial sample
Bacterial Serial Dilution
Bacterial Shape Form
Bacterial Size Shape
Bacterial Smear
bacterial suspension
Bacterial Triple Sugar Iron Test
Bacterial Triple Sugar Iron Test (TSI)
Bacterial Turbidity
Bacterial Urease Test
Bactericidal
Bacteriology
Bacteriophage typing
Bacteriostatic
Baffles
Baffles (Located in hood back to uniform airflow)
Balance
Balances Types
banding pattern
Bands present in cytosine and pyrimidine nucleotides refer to cytosine nucleotide and bands present in guanine and purine nucleotides refer to guanine nucleotide
Basal Media
Base Pairing
Basic Media
Basic Stains
Basic structure unit of chromatin Nucleosome
Basic unit of organization in organisms
Batch
Be regular maintenance to keep system running efficiently and routine cleaning containers and filters
Beaker
Beaker Tongs
Beakers
beam
BICONCAVE
BICONCAVE Use for paraffin sections
binary fashion
Bind Oxygen
Binding Site
Binding Sites
Biochemical Activities
Biochemical Markers
Biochemical Markers include allelic variant of enzymes
Biochemical test
Biochemical tests
Biochemistry
Biofermentor
Biohazard Substance
Biohazards
Biohazards wastes
Bioinformatics is study of inherent structure of biological information for structural biology + biochemistry + molecular biology +genomics and computer science + statistics + mathematic
Biological Activities
Biological Agents
Biological Hazard
Biological Hazards
Biological Lab Structure
biological materials
biological research activities
Biological Safety Cabinet
Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC) use to minimize personnel exposure when working with biological materials
Biological Safety Cabinet use to minimize personnel exposure when working with biological materials and dividing to three classes (Class I + Class II + Class III) based on biological and risk degree
Biological Safety Cabinets
Biological Samples
Biological Wastes
Biology
Biopsy
Bioreactor
Biosafety Cabinet Surfaces
Biosafety Cabinets
Biosafety Lab
Biosafety Level-1
Biosafety Level-2
Biosafety Level-3
Biosafety Level-4
Biosafety Rules
Birds
bivalent
Black Color refer to really bad BLAST
Black Spot gene not expressed in any cells
Blank
Bleach
blending
Blocks
Blood Bank Freezer
blood media
Blower
Blue Color refer to Bad BLAST
blue fluorescent
Blunt ends useful for certain types of DNA cloning
Blunt Ends without Overhang
Body
Body (Provide isolation inside cabinet from external)
boil for 10 minutes and centrifuge
Boiling
Book similar to Cell
Boric Acid
Both use centrifugal force in work
Branch define relationship between taxonomy of ancestries
Branch define the relationship between taxonomy of ancestries
Branch Length represent number of changes that occur in branch
Branches A and B share most recent common ancestor at node 3.
branches C and D share most recent common ancestor at node 4
branches primary root
Bromophenol blue
Bromophenol Blue (Fasting migration) and Xylene Cyanole (Slow migration)
bromophenol blue migrates at approximate (300 base pair of DNA molecule) during DNA migration
Bromophenole Blue
Broth
Broth Media
Broth Medium
bubble formation
Buchner Funnel
Buffer
Buffer reservoirs which are two identical tubes filled with anodic and cathodic solution to ensure stability of electric field
buffer type and pH
Bunsen burner
Bunsen Burner Base
Bunsen Burner Colors Flams: 1- Air Hole Closed (Yellow flame – Safety Flame)
Bunsen Burner work by mixing gas and air in control manner by converting flame to red then yellow and blue a oxygen increases
Burner Tube
By opening and closing stomata
by test metabolism of bacterial amino acids and proteins
Bystander DNA not recognized by primers
C-banding
Cabinet fan
Calcium
Calculate average or mean
Calculate count data and addition formula
Calculate standard deviation and standard error by Microsoft Excel
calibrate
Camera Scan
Canada Balsam
Candle jar Method
Cap region nucleotides
Capillary are fused silica fewer than 100 microns act as separation channel
Capillary Electrophoresis consider high efficient and separative power because require small amount of samples to separate significant biological macromolecules
Capillary Electrophoresis have power supply to generate electrical field for separation
Capillary Electrophoresis initiate by dissolve samples in suitable buffer solution and introduce samples into capillary tube and apply electric field along length of capillary tube for separation
Capillary Electrophoresis is a laboratory separation method separate ions and molecules toward opposite poles through narrow capillary tube under electric field based on electrophoretic mobility
Capillary Electrophoresis separate proteins and peptides and amino acids and nucleic acids and inorganic ions and organic ions and whole cells
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis separate nucleic acids as DNA and RNA molecules and proteins
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing separate amphoteric molecules as peptides and proteins based on isoelectric point
Capillary Isotachophoresis separate DNA fragments and other biological macromolecules
Capillary Tube (Expansion Valve)
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis migrate ionized molecules into distinct zones
CAPS Marker consider Co-dominant inheritance marker with locus specific nature and classify as stable and reproducible and informative marker
CAPS Marker have a limited sized of amplified fragments
CAPS Marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification of target Loci using specific primers and digest PCR product with restriction enzymes and separate by gel electrophoresis
capsule
Capsule Stains
Capture Hood
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Fixation
Carry light microscope properly
casting Tray
CAUTION
CCAAT box nucleotides
CCD camera
cDNA library preparation
Cell
Cell activity depends upon activities of sub cellular structures cell
Cell Biology
Cell contain heredity information
Cell Culture Researches
Cell Culture shaker use for mixing and aerating various biological and chemical samples such as DNA extractions and staining and destaining procedures using oscillating board
cell division
cell elongation
cell grows
cell growth decreases
Cell membrane
cell nucleus
Cell Physiology
cell poles
cell proliferation
Cell Spreader Tool consider Fast and Simple and Easy Bacterial Culture Method by facilitating efficient of bacterial cell distribution and preparing and maintaining stock bacterial culture
Cell Spreader Tool is microbiology tool spread liquid bacterial cells evenly over agar surface plate without gouging or cutting medium to achieve uniform colony growth of bacterial cells
Cell Spreader Tool is a microbiology tool distribute and spread liquid bacterial cells evenly over agar surface plate
Cell Spreader Tool is a microbiology tool distribute and spread liquid bacterial cells evenly to achieve uniform colony growth of bacterial cells
Cell Wall
Cells
Cells at metaphase
Cells obtain energy from sugar
Cellular Function
cellular level
Cellular Respiration
centrifugation
Centrifuge
Centrifuge and Sample Tubes
Centrifuge and Sample Tubes Rack
Centrifuge are classified according to speed (Low – High – Moderate) Speed. Centrifuge are classified based on Rotor(Fixed Angel – Swing Bucket – Vertical Tube)
Centrifuge is a laboratory equipment spin liquid samples at high speed to separate molecules from solutions forming pellet at tube bottom
Centrifuge Precautions: 1- Wear Safety goggles
Centrioles
centromere
Centromere Centromere Function
centromere lost
Centromere Morphology
Centromere Numbers
centromere position
centromere probes
Centromeres
Ceramic surface hot plate
Certification level
CFU
CFU/gm
CFU/ml
Chains
chamber
Changes in DNA sequence at each locus in RAPD marker assess by presence (1) or absence (0) bands on gel
Chapter similar to Nucleus
chemical and physiological functions inside cells
Chemical Balance
Chemical Disinfection
Chemical Fume Hood Cabinet
Chemical Fume Hood Cabinet operate by pulling air from lab space room into fume hood
Chemical Fume Hood Cabinet operate by pulling air from lab space room into fume hood and out of building using sash in lowest to reduce chemical vapors to protect lab workers
Chemical Fume Hood Cabinets
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Preservation
chemical samples
chemical sequencing method
chemical sequencing method based on nucleotide specific chemical modifications and subsequent DNA cleavage
Chemical Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Chemicals
Chemistry
Chest Freezer
chiasmata
Child band match father band
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts
chocolate media
Choose stable and horizontal location
choplin jar
Chromatids
Chromatids Separation
Chromatin called Chromosomal Material
Chromatin Stand
Chromatography Refrigerator
Chromomere
Chromonema
chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosomal Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Chromosomal Mapping
Chromosome
Chromosome aberration
Chromosome Abnormalities
Chromosome Analysis
Chromosome Anomalies
chromosome arm
chromosome Arm ratio
chromosome arms
Chromosome Arrangement
chromosome breaks
Chromosome Fragment
Chromosome Numerical Aberrations
Chromosome Numerical Aberrations.
Chromosome Painting
chromosome replication
chromosome replication.
chromosome segments
Chromosome Shape
chromosome size
Chromosome Structural Aberrations
chromosomes
chromosomes a storage units of genes
Chromosomes Count
Chromosomes Length
chromosomes map
Chromosomes Types
Circular Chromosome
Circular DNA Band
Circulating or stirrer water bath
Cis acting elements (DNA Sequences) can only influence expression of adjacent genes
Cis or Coupling phase
Clade is a group of two or more taxonomies includes common ancestors
Cladogram refer to no genetic meaning between taxonomies
Class A Like Ash
Class B Like Flammable and Gasses
Class C like Electrical and wiring equipment’s
Class D like Exotic Metals
Class I Cabinet
Class I cabinet exhaust 70% and recirculate 30% of air
Class I cabinet exhaust 70% and recirculate 30% of air to provide only personal and environmental protection (Suitable for microbiology researches)
Class I of Biological Safety Cabinets
Class II Cabinet
Class II cabinet provide highest degree of protection for personal
Class II cabinet provide highest degree of protection for personal and environment and products because of it enclosed totally with arm length with gloves to attach manipulated agents inside cabinet
Class II cabinet provide personal environment and product protection
Class II cabinet provide personal environment and product protection (Divided in types (A1 and A2 and B1 and B2) so it exhaust 70% and recirculate 30% of air except type B2 have 100%
Class II of Biological Safety Cabinets
Class III Cabinet
Class III of Biological Safety Cabinets
Classic Cytology
Clean 50% inside hood for work
Clean area around cabinet to avoid dust inside filters
clean by Kim wipe
clean to dirty
Clean Water
Cleaner
Cleaning
Clear slide with xylene
clear zone around line of bacterial growth
Cleave specific DNA molecule by certain chemicals and subsequent cleavage at specific bases as (G) and (A+G) and (C) and (C+T) which correspond to radiolabeled fragments
Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence or CAPS Marker is a PCR-RFLP marker generate polymorphisms at a particular locus according to restriction sites caused by SNP or InDel Markers
Click Ok
Click on data analysis icon
click on OK
Clock wise
Clone by Clone Sequencing is type of DNA sequencing determine accurate sequence of various chromosomes
Clone by Clone Sequencing is type of DNA sequencing determine accurate sequence of various chromosomes at single time using vectors to generate multiple copies of each DNA fragments
Clone desired DNA with vector
Clone purified interested fragment in suitable vector and transform vector to high component cells of E-coli bacteria and digest plasmid DNA by restriction enzymes
close to top soil
clot formation as positive result
Cloudiness
Clustal W software has three steps process: 1- construct pairwise alignments
Clustal X is a statistical software use to arrange molecules Data (DNA or RNA or Proteins) to search for point mutations to facilitate future development of the alignment algorithms
Cluster generation by binding fragments to flow cell and undergo bridge amplification to form clusters for sequencing
Clusters
co-dominant inheritance
CO2
Coccobacillus
Coccus
Coding DNA
Coding Sequences
Codon
Codon Recognition
Coefficient of Determination measure of the amount of variability in the data accounted by regression model
Coiled strand of DNA bound to Histones Proteins
colchicine
Colchicine and hypotonic saline
Collecting roots from soil and put them on transparent plastic plate containing clean water
Colonies
Colonies Growth
Colonies Numbers
Colony
Colony Counter
Colony Counter count bacterial colonies or microorganisms growing on nutrient agar plate depending upon seeing colonies distinctly and mark them with special type of pen on outer surface agar plate
Colony Counter provide quantitative information about number and viability of bacterial samples
colored karyotype
colors with fluorescent dyes
column
Column Chromatography
column letters in column header
combs
Common Micropipette
Competition ELISA
complementary base pairing
Complete and Incomplete Linkage Genes
Complete Linkage genes
Complete Solidification inoculated tube
Complex Media
components
Components of Plate Count Agar Media: (5 gm) Tryptone + (2.5 gm) Yeast Extraction + (1 gm) Glucose + (15 gm) Agar + (1000 milliliters) Distilled Water + (6.8) pH
Compound Leaf
Compressor
Concentrate the proteins sample in sharp band by ordering and arranging protein bands before entering the field of separation gel
Concentrated Solution
Concentration
condenser
Condenser Fan Motor
Conical Flask
conjugated enzyme
Conjugation
Connect DNA pieces with ligase
Conservative Replication
Conserved Multiple Sequence Alignment Regions help to identify functionality
Consists of chlorophyll pigments
constant pH values
constant temperature
Container or Tank
Contains mostly inactive DNA
Contigs refer to continues sequence of assembled DNA
Continuous
Continuous SDS-PAGE has only single separation gel and uses the same buffer in the tanks of SDS-PAGE
Control Button or Knob (Control rotation speed when tube touch rubber cup head)
Control Button/Knob
Control cell activities by regulating gene expression
control manner
control rotation speed when tube touch rubber cup head
Convergence interaction between genotypes and environment
convers raw material into useful product
convert sunlight energy to ATP
convert sunlight to chemical energy in form of ATP
Converting carbohydrates to alcohol or lactic acid
Cool
cool and solidify surrounding sample
Cool plant
Coomassic brilliant blue.
Coomassie blue stain detect (10 – 50) ng protein per band
Coomassie brilliant blue use to detect about 1 microgram of proteins
corrosive chemicals
Corrosive Substance
Count Bacterial Colonies
Count Viable and Dead Bacterial Cells
Counter Microorganisms
Counting
Cover
Cover slide with gram iodine
Cover Slip
Coverage refer to number of times that sequencer cover DNA sequence
Create exponentiation formula (For Example Correct Typing Exponentiation formula of Y to exponentiation X)
Criminal Scene
crossing over error
Crystal violet
Crystal Violet and Safranin stains
Crystallization
Crystallography
CTAB
Culture Media
culture medium at 37 Celsius for 3 days
Custal W tool is available at (EMBL-EBI web site) as a online tool of sequence analysis including sequence input needed
Cut DNA with restriction enzymes
Cut tissue in about (50-100) nanometer thick using ultra microtome then exposed the specimen to fixative container as soon as possible
cut tissues Very thin (4-5) micron For Histopathology studies
Cuvette
Cylinder
Cytochemistry
Cytogenetic
cytogenetic analysis
Cytokinesis one
Cytokinesis phase
Cytokinesis Phase.
Cytokinesis two
Cytology
cytometer
Cytopathology
Cytoplasm
cytoplasmic organelles
Cytosine
Cytosine (C)
Cytotaxonomy
Cytotoxic
DAPI dye
Dark Reaction Stage (Calvin Cycle)
DArT Marker consider Bi-allelic nature without require prior sequence information in identifying numerous of polymorphic markers in parallel and suitable with Mendelian inheritance
DArT Marker initiate by reduce DNA complexity
DArT Marker initiate by reduce DNA complexity for genome representation using combination of restriction enzymes and ligate restriction fragments to adaptor and PCR amplification by primers
date
daughter cells
daughter chromosomes
de-staining procedures
Deal with light microscope for cell structure examination
Death Phase
Decantation
Decline Phase
Decodes
Decolorize with 95% ethanol
decrease electrophoretic mobility of DNA
Definition of Bacterial Biochemical Tests
degrades hydrogen peroxide
Dehydrate the specimen by replacing water with alcohol
Dehydration
Dehydration Histopathology Samples
Dehydration section in ascending series dilutions of ethanol
Deionized Water Machine consume huge amount of energy and time-consuming
Deionized Water Machine initiate by filter contamination from water in pre-treatment process and remove un-desirable ion from water in ion exchange process
Deionized Water Machine is kind of high-purity water machine remove dissolved ionic impurities from water through electrical charged resin to produce equal hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in water
Deionized Water Machine produce great solvent dilutes with Low levels of conductivity with Non-corrosive
del Chromosome
Deleted chromosome
Denaturation
Denaturation Phase (Denature template strands at 94 degree Celsius for (2 – 5) minutes
Denaturation temperature at 94 for 1 minute
Denature to separated the strands of DNA
Densely stained structure
Density
Density of Ether
Density of Water
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Deoxyribose
derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence or d-CAPS Marker is a modification of CAPS Marker based on SNP marker use mismatch primer with one or two base change to perform PCR
desired metabolites in small amount of nutrient media
destain the gel in destaining solution few times until protein bands visualized
Detect bacteria ferment sugars
Detect bacteria that ferment different sugars
Detect bacterial ability citrate as one source of carbon by use sodium citrate and bromothymol blue
Detect bacterial ability to glucose or carbohydrate fermentation
Detect bacterial ability to lactose fermentation
Detect hydrolysis urea to ammonia by urease enzyme
Detect indole from tryptophan produce color change in combination leading clear to red
Detect indole production from tryptophan
Detect nitrate reductase enzyme
Detect pathogenesis
Detect presence of oxidase enzyme by bacteria to identify gram negative rod bacteria
Detector
Detector identify an quantify separated components in chromatogram frame
Determination of protein subunits of aggregation structure
Determine aerobic bacterial ability
Determine bacterial ability in produce extracellular proteolytic and gelatinases
Determine bacterial motility by stabbing culture
Determine in precise solid
Determine Number of Viable Microorganisms
determine presence of bacterial flagella
Determine susceptible bacteria to antibiotic in agar diffusion by using bacterial lawn culture method
Determine variation among individuals at DNA level on principle of polymorphism of DNA sequences to compare samples (Match or mismatch)
dH2O
Diagnose genetic disease
Diagnostic tests
Diakinesis
Dicentric
Dicentric Chromosome
Dicots
Dideoxy nucleotides (ddNTPs) lack hydroxyl group and incorporate with growing DNA strand during PCR reaction as DNA chain terminators to generate fragments with ends ddATP / ddGTP / ddTTP / ddCTP
Different between Anaphase I and II and Process of Genetic Diversity
Different between Bacterial Catalase Test and Bacterial Oxidase Test
Different between Bacterial Citrate Test and Bacterial Urease Test
Different between Bacterial Coagulase Test and Bacterial Gelatinase Hydrolysis Test
Different between Bacterial Glucose Fermentation Test and Bacterial Nitrate Test
Different between Bacterial Indole Test and Bacterial Nitrate Test
Different between Bacterial Starch Test and Bacterial Lactose Fermentation Test
Different between Bacterial Triple Sugar Iron Test (TSI) and Bacterial Motility Test
Different weighting
Differential Media
Digest cells with trypsin and stain Giemsa
Digital Vortex Mixer
Diluted Solution
Dilution
dilution factor
Dip blade of reusable spreader into alcohol and flame blade of reusable spreader over Bunsen burner and after that allow reusable spreader to cool before contact agar
Dip L-Shape spreader in 70% ethanol
Dip sterile cotton swab in tested bacterial suspension
Diploid Cells
Diplotene
Direct Bacterial Cells Counting
Direct ELISA
Direct ELISA (Involve attachment of antigen to solid phase follow by enzyme labeled antibody)
Direct RNA sequencing perform by sequence isolated RNA directly without converting to cDNA
Disc Diffuse Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
Discontinuous SDS-PAGE has stacking gel that is layered on top of separating gel (High Resolution)
discover new expressed genes
Disease
disinfectant soap
Disinfectants
Disinfection
Dispensing Steps
Dispersive Replication
Displace Oxygen
Disposable Plastic Loops and Needles sterile single use without flame and discard directly after use to reduce contamination
Disposable Plastic Spreader Tool use directly at once without sterilization
Disposable Plastic Spreader Tool use directly at once without sterilization and discard into biohazard container to avoid cross-contamination
Dispose used plastic loops and needles in biohazard containers to prevent cross contamination and regularly inspect loops and needles for any damage
Disrupt SDS-PAGE buffer (10% SDS + Glycerol + Betamercaptoethanol + 1M Tris-HCL with pH 6.8 + Bromophenol blue) heat at least 95 degree Celsius for 4 minutes
Dissolve Contents
dissolving solute
Distance
Distance between flammable must be larger than 2 feet’s
Distance Between Hot Plate and wall must be larger than 100 mm
Distance between plastics and any other materials must be between 6 inches
Distillation Unit
distilled water
Distilled Water Machine consider simple operation machine with relatively cheap and produce high purity water by remove from water (Heavy Metals + Salts + Microorganisms)
Distilled Water Machine depending upon process of separation and purification water based on evaporation and condensation to remove Heavy Metals / Salts / Microorganisms
Distilled Water Machine initiate by heat water to boiling point to obtain water vapor and convert condensed water vapor into water and collect products distilled water into container for using
Distribute antibiotic discs evenly with no closer than 24mm from center to center
Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT Marker) highly variable genome wide binary marker based on restriction site polymorphism for DNA hybridization on microarray system to discover polymorphic fragments
Diversity Arrays Technology Sequencing (DArT-Seq) use next generation sequencing to test unknown sequence samples to detect allelic variations for genotyping and other genetic analysis
DNA
DNA Negatively Charged
DNA a nucleic acid that contains genetic instructions
DNA concentration
DNA digest at 37 degree Celsius like body temperature because body temperature is optimal for most other enzymes
DNA digest with two restriction enzymes which cut un-evenly overhang sticky ends such as Mse-1 (Cut Frequently) and ECOR-1 (Cut Rarely)
DNA extraction
DNA extraction and digest DNA with restriction enzymes then gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments after that using southern blotting then hybridizing DNA with label probe and autoradiography
DNA Fingerprint amplify genomic segments that flanking by molecular markers by DNA Extraction + Markers Amplifications + Electrophoresis Separation + Bands Visualization + Bands Score
DNA fingerprinting initiate by collect samples for DNA extraction to proceed polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis for bands visualization to compare matching bands
DNA Fingerprinting use in paternity test and criminal investigations and disease identification and anthropology studies and agriculture and livestock breeding and quality control in biotechnology
DNA footprinting consider powerful enough for differentiation many fragments because it can exactly locate binding site of particular ligand to study transcriptional regulation and gene expression
DNA footprinting is in vitro DNA molecular genetic analysis study protein DNA interaction within and outside cell to determine which DNA sequence binding proteins
DNA fragmentation into smaller pieces by restriction enzymes and adaptor ligation to each ends of DNA fragments for library preparation and library enrichment by PCR to generate
DNA Gyrase
DNA Gyrase (DNA Topoisomerase II)
DNA Helix come from Metaphase Chromosome that derived proteins scaffold from looped domains which lead to tight helical fiber to Nucleosomes to DNA Nucleotides
DNA is heated to separated strands of DNA at 95 degree Celsius
DNA Ladder
DNA level study DNA structure
DNA level study DNA structure and DNA organization and DNA recombination
DNA Ligase
DNA Measurements
DNA Microarrays (cDNA Microarrays + Oligo DNA Microarrays + BAC Microarrays + SNP Microarrays)
DNA Microarrays detect genetic variation based on genomic sequence
DNA Microarrays initiate by isolate mRNA from test sample and make cDNA to label with red fluorescent CY5 dye and isolate mRNA from control sample and make cDNA to label with green fluorescent CY3 dye
DNA Microarrays Technology array thousands of genes by microscopic slide spots and each spot contain known DNA sequence as probe that complementary to specific genes to determine (ON/OFF) genes
DNA Microarrays Technology require (DNA chip + Target Sample + Fluorescent dyes + Probes + Scanner)
DNA Pellet
DNA Pellet.
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase directs rebuilding of double stranded DNA
DNA polymerase directs the rebuilding of the double stranded
DNA Polymerase I
DNA Polymerase III
DNA Purity
DNA Reference Samples as Sources of Biological Evidence in Human that are used for DNA profiling (Sperm + Blood + Saliva + Hair with Root + Skin + Body Tissue + Bones + Teeth + Urine)
DNA regions
DNA Replication
DNA Separation
DNA sequencing
DNA Sequencing Determine precise order of nucleotides along genome by denature DNA for fragmentation and library preparation for sequencing to study genes structure and functions and genetic variation
DNA Sequencing initiate by DNA extraction and DNA fragmentation into smaller pieces by restriction enzymes and adaptor ligation to each ends of DNA fragments for library preparation
DNA Sequencing Method use DNA fragmentation for genomic DNA library preparation for sequencing and data analysis to study genes structure and mutations
DNA Sequencing study genes structure and functions without require prior information and identify responsible genes for interested traits and detect mutations
DNA Stain
DNA Storage
DNA synthesis
DNA Template
DNA template from restriction/ligation and ECOR-1 adaptor +A nucleotide and Mse-1 adaptor +C nucleotide (As primer) and dNTPs and 10X PCR buffer and MgCl2 and Taq DNA and deionized water
DNA Template Strands consist of (Sense Strand= 5’ to 3’ direction) and (Antisense Strand= 3’ to 5’ direction)
DNA Typing depending upon RFLP that use genomic DNA digestion with restriction enzymes for hybridization with specific probe and AFLP which amplify specific regions by PCR reaction
DNA Yield
DNA/RNA
DNA/RNA and protein quantification
DNA/RNA and proteins suspension
DNA/RNA protein quantification
DNA/RNA sample
dNTPs
dNTPs.
Dominance effects of morphological markers represent interaction between alleles
dominant alleles
Don’t overload cabinet with items
Don’t overload cabinet with unnecessary items
Don't overload colony counter
Don’t place head inside hood
Don’t store chemicals inside hood long period
Don’t touch feet with floor
Door
Double crossing over
Double stranded
Doubly Compound Leaf
Dropping Pipette
drugs
Dry Bath Incubator
Dry Bath Incubator has small Blocks made of Metal for Heating Around Bottomed Tubes by Combining Temperature Control and Uniformity for Incubation and Accelerate Enzyme Reactions
Dry chemical
Dry heat Sterilization
Dry with toilet paper
Due to deletion of DNA between restriction sites or Insertion of DNA between restriction sites or point mutations that results gain or loss of restriction sites
Duplicated chromosome
duplicated DNA
Duplication Chromosome Meaning
during work with centrifuge use 70% volume
During work with Ice Maker Machine must do regular cleaning
During work with Inoculation Loops and Needles must sterilize reusable loops and needles before and after use and allow sufficient cooling before touch microbial culture
During work with Syringe Filter must prepare liquid sample and attach syringe filter and load liquid sample into syringe and push liquid sample through syringe filter under pressure
During work with syringe filter must select right membrane for target solvent and avoid reusable filters and check syringe filters from cracks or damage before use and store syringe filters in dry
During work with TissueLyser don’t operate TissueLyser during transport and don’t autoclave any parts of TissueLyser and clean TissueLyser by moist cloth and clean adaptors with 70% ethanol
Dyes
dynamic range
E-Site
Each bacterium has its own unique restriction enzyme and each enzyme recognize only one type of sequence so DNA sequence that recognize by restriction enzymes called palindromes
Each DNA is the same in every cell throughout life
Each individual has unique DNA profile except identical twins
Eco-RI has polymorphic pattern
ECOR-1 +AAC and Mse-1 +AAC
ECOR-1 adaptor and Mse-1 adaptor and T4 DNA ligase 10X buffer and T4 DNA ligase units
Edited mRNA attach to ribosome and each codon of mRNA moves through ribosome after that amino acids joined together by chemical bonds called peptide bonds to build amino acid chain called polypeptide
EDTA
Effects of Bacterial Growth
Egg
electric field
Electrical field
Electrical Hazard
Electrical Hazards
Electrical Leads
electrode buffer place on them and transferred to Eppendorf tube
Electrodeless Discharge Lamp
electrodes
Electrodes are cathode and anode link to power supply and buffer reservoirs to generate electrical field across capillary
electromagnetic radiation
Electron Balance
Electron Microscope
Electron Microscopes are scientific instruments used a beam of energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale to see the fine details of the interior structures of organic cells
electron transport chain cycle
Electronic Balance
Electrons sectors
Electrophoresis
electrophoresis voltage must depend upon gel length
ELISA Plate
ELISA-Plate is a flat bottom polystyrene plate contains 96 or 384 wells holding 350 microliters each
Elongation
Embedding
Emergency Exit
Emergency Eyewash
Emergency Shower
Employ vacuum as deriving force for filtration
Enclosure Hood
Endoenzymes
Endoplasm Reticulum
endospore
Endospore Stains
energetic electrons
Enriched Solid Media
Enrichment Broth Media
Environment
Environmental and Applied Microbiology
Environmental Dangerous Substance
Environmental Protection
Environmental Samples
enzymatic sequencing method
enzymatic sequencing method based on selective incorporation of chain-terminating nucleotides
enzymatic sequencing method based on selective incorporation of chain-terminating nucleotides during DNA synthesis
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
enzyme reactions
enzymes and metabolites tests
Enzymes work slowly at low temperatures
Eosin and Acid Fuchsine stains
Eppendorf Tube Rack
Eppendorf Tubes
Equal Crossing over
Equation and Examples of Correlation Coefficient Calculation
Equipment
Erlenmeyer Flask
Erlenmeyer Flasks
EST Marker consider co-dominant inheritance and fast and efficient method of gene expression profile and provide sequence information for microarray construction because it have 100% coding sequence
EST Marker initiate by RNA extraction from particular tissue and treat extracted RNA with reverse transcriptase to generate cDNA and clone cDNA in suitable host (E.coli) to construct cDNA library
Estimate Size of DNA Molecule
Estimation of protein purity
Estimation of protein size
Ethanol
Ethanol Alcohol
Ethidium Bromide
Euchromatin
eukaryotic
Eukaryotic Centromeres
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Eukaryotic gene structure consist of Upstream intergenic region and downstream intergenic region and transcribed region involved 5-UTR and 3-UTR and exons and introns
Eukaryotic mRNA Gene (Enhancers+Promoter+TATA Box+Exons and Introns)
Evaporation
Evaporator
Evaporator Fan Motor
Every gene in organisms contains regulatory regions stretching from 100 to 1000 base pairs called upstream of transcriptional start site which located within regulatory regions
Every three bases on mRNA represent code for amino acid called codon
Every three bases on mRNA represent code for amino acid called codon and every amino acid represent according to the first three letters of amino acid name
evolutionary relationship between organisms
examine for clear zone around line of bacterial growth
Exchange Bacterial Plasmid DNA
Exhaust
Exoenzymes
Exons
Exons genes actually transcribed into mRNA
Explosion-proof Refrigerator
Explosion-proof Refrigerator
Explosive Substance
Exponential Phase
Expressed Sequence Tags or EST Marker is a short DNA sequence (200 – 500) bp generate by single pass sequencing of cDNA clones to identify gene expression profile in cell at particular time
Extension
Extension Phase (at 72 degree Celsius)
Extension temperature at 72 for 1 minute
Extraction Buffer
Eyepiece Lens
Face shield
Facial Protection
Facultative Anaerobe
Fan
feature of molecule such as.
features of gel such as gel type and gel concentration
Fed-Batch
Fermentation
fermentation by yeasts or bacteria
Fermentor
Fibrous root
file name
Filling Gaps
Filter
Filter Membrane Sheets
Filter Membranes
Filter Membranes Method
filter paper
Filter paper and Erlenmeyer flask
Filter Paper Folding
filtered air
Filtration
Filtration Flask
Finding genes mean isolate genes with specific functions
Fine Forceps
Fire Class (A)
Fire Class (B)
Fire Class (C)
Fire Class (D)
Fire safety
First No Smoking
First Generation Sequencing include Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger Sequencing Methods
First Generation Sequencing regarding Maxam and Gilbert and Sanger sequencing methods
first growth root
First Medical Aid
FISH
Fix Cells
Fix samples in one day with 10% Formalin or 75% Alcohol or Carnoy’s fluid
Fix smear through heat to slide
Fixation
Fixed Angel rotor
Fixed Vortex Mixer
Fixing
flagella
Flagella Stains
Flame
flame and cool
Flame loop until become red hot
Flaming sterilization
flammable chemicals
Flammable Reagents
Flammable Substance
Flask
Flatted scanner glass
Flood agar surface with iodine
Flood smear with crystal violet
Flood with safranin stain
Florence or Boiling Flask
Fluorescent lamp
Fluorescent stains required excitation sources
Fluorescently label primer at 5’ to amplify specific DNA regions and label each of ddNTPs with fluorescent dyes and run in single lane in denature polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or Capillary gel
Fluorescents DNA
Fluorescents DNA counterstaining
fluorochrome dyes
follow the running sample through bromophenol blue
foot traffic
For fine marker assisted selection results properties must be polymorphic and reproducible and easy fast and selectivity neutral and codominant inheritance through genome to get high resolution
For Multiple Sequence Alignment Gather Data for Alignment and Rearrangement the required sequence for alignment
For PCR primer design in NCBI go to primer design tool in NCBI and type or paste required sequence in FASTA format and adjust primer parameters and click on get primers
For pH Meter Calibration use distilled water to rinse electrode then place the electrode in pH=7 buffer solution and gently dob dry
For Restriction Enzymes Mapping must digest DNA with restriction enzymes then resolve digested fragments by gel electrophoresis to show bands
For sequence assembly gather sequence in queries and use Contig assembly software to get assembly sequence
Forceps
Forceps or Tweezers
Forceps.
formamide
Fragment DNA or RNA into shorter sequences (100-300) bp and ligate adaptors in both ends of fragments in process of indexing or barcoding and cluster generation by binding fragments to flow cell
fragments
Freezer
Freon or ammonia gas
fresh melted wax 60 oC in sample
From DNA to mRNA to Protein
From DNA to Protein (DNA Transcription and Translation)
From Gene to Protein
Functional Genomic
functional organization of genes
Fungal Colonies
Fungi
Fungi Cells
Funnel
G-banding
G1 checkpoint
G1 phase (gap 1)
G2 (gap 2) phase
G2 checkpoint
gametes
Gaps refer to un-sequenced regions of DNA
garose Gel Electrophoresis
Gas Chromatography
Gas Inlet
Gas Under Pressure
GC box nucleotides
Gel Apparatus
Gel casting materials
Gel Tank
Gene Chip or Microarray is a grid of spot of DNA
Gene Distance
Gene Expression
Gene is a unit of inheritance carriers the information of polypeptide and for structural of RNA molecule
Gene is the basic unit of genetic information
gene known locus on chromosome
Gene structure contains (Intergenic region + Promoter binding site or motif + 5 end untranslated region + Transcription start site + Exons + Introns + 3 end untranslated region + Poly-AAA Tail)
GENERAL SAFETY AWARENESS
General Structural of Centrifuge consist of (Centrifuge Lid – Monitoring Glass Rotor – Operating panel with display)
generate energy (ATP)
generate sugar
genes
genes group
Genetic
genetic material
Genetic association is correlation between alleles and genotypes and haplotypes
Genetic Code
Genetic Components
Genetic Engineering is a process of direct manipulation of genome to analyze gene function
genetic function and molecular organization of cells
genetic influences
genetic information
Genetic Laboratory Equipment's and Devices Refrigerator
Genetic Laboratory Tools. Beaker
Genetic Map
Genetic map location of several markers on chromosome
Genetic Marker
Genetic marker gene identifiable sequences
genetic material
genetic significant
Genetic Test mean detect specific sequence for sequence alignment with related species
Genetics
Genome a collection of genetic information
Genome Analysis Pipeline can be created from sequencing and assembly of in vitro DNA or cDNA and all of these can be used for gene prediction for annotation to get gene regulation studies
Genome DNA Bands
Genome Length
genome organization
Genome Sequence
Genomic DNA
genomic DNA library preparation
Genomics is a global analysis of gene expression
Genomics is a global analysis of gene expression while Proteomics is a global analysis of protein expression
Genotype
Genotype is a genetic constitution of individuals
Genotype is a specific allelic make up of individual genome
Genotypes
Gently remove debris by water dropper to clean roots
germinal cells
Germinal or meiotic crossing over
Glacial Acetic Acid
Glass Rod
Glass Slide
glass/diamond blade
Glassware
Glassware's are ideal for autoclaving and sterilization and ideal for chemical reactions and long term storage and allow clear visibility of liquids for accurate reading
Gloves
Glucose
glucose or carbohydrate fermentation
Glycerol increase density of sample
glycolysis
Go to data menu then click data analysis icon and in dialog box of data analysis click correlation and click OK and in dialog box of correlation select input and output range and click OK
Go to data tab
Go to ORF finder then type or paste required DNA sequence and press ORF find and click on six frames because any gene has six frames and enjoy the results of ORF
Goggles
Golgi Apparatus
Good Molecular Markers must be polymorphic and co-dominant inheritance throughout genome with high reproducible and resolution
Good primer design is critical success PCR amplification
gown
Graduate Cylinder
Graduated Cylinder
Graduates Pipet
Gram Negative Stain
Gram Positive Stain
grams
Grana
Gravity Filtration
Gravity Filtration by Funnel
Green Color refer to OK BLAST
Green Spot gene expressed in normal cells only
Grinding 1 gm freeze dried sample in pestle and mortar with liquid nitrogen to crush samples
group name
GTP
guanin
Guanine (G)
Guard Cells
Guide tree constructed by neighbor joining to get distance scores for progressive alignment for multiple sequence alignment purpose and each obtained score must be arranged in correlation fashion
Half of DNA come from mother and the other half come from father
Halon
hand and arm motions
Handle Petri plates with care to avoid any damage that affect clarity of colony images
Haploid Cells
Haplotype are a multiple loci in the same chromosome that are inherited together usually linked in string of SNPs results to form haplotype block by recombination in each chromosome by meiosis mating
Haplotypes
Haplotypes set of linked alleles or DNA sequences on chromosome tend to inherited together
Harmful
Harmful Substance
Have High Precision Temperature Control Used As An Alternative Away of Traditions Biological Water Baths
Have membrane surround their DNA
Have most unique sequences of DNA such as genes that encode proteins
Hazardous Wastes
Health Hazard Chemicals
Heat double strand DNA for separating
Heat Fix
Heat them to 95 degree for 4 minutes
heat uniformity
Heated tungsten filament in electron gun produces electrons that get focus on specimen by condenser lenses in column tubes under vacuum condition
Heater
Held on mitotic spindle in centromere
Held tube correctly above rubber cup head
Helicase
HEPA Filter
HEPA Filter (offer 99.99% sterilization efficiency through 0.3 micron)
Herbaceous Stem
hetero-duplex DNA
Heterochromatin
Heterologous chromosomes
Heterozygous
Heterozygous is a locus that has different alleles
high accuracy
High accurate laboratory balance
High Guanine and cytosine
high molecular weight rang from 53 to 212 KDa
High performance liquid Chromatography
High precision temperature control
high pressure
High pressure increases 7 times of boiling water to facilitate rapid penetration of heat into deep arts of materials
High Speed Centrifuge
High stability
high temperature
higher concentration allow resolution of smaller DNA
Hind III has monomorphic pattern
Histones Proteins
Histopathology Researches
Histopathology Sections for Sliding
Holandric genes mean genes that found on Y chromosome in males
Hold
Hollow Cathode Lamp
homogeneous liquid mixture
Homogenous matrix contains grana in similar to cytoplasm in cells
Homologous chromosome
homologous chromosomes
Homologues and Heterologous chromosomes
homologues chromosome pairs
Homologues Chromosomes
Homozygous
Homozygous is a locus that has identical alleles
Horizontal Autoclave
Horizontal Laminar Airflow Cabinet
Horizontal sash
Host
Hot Air Oven
Hot Air oven has electric elements in chamber as a source of heat and fan to circulate air for even distribution of heat inside chamber to sterilize Instruments and Glassware and Swabs and Waxes
Hot Plat
hot plate
hot surface block
Human
Human Health
hybridization
hybridization and selection programmes
Hybridizations of primers be done
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bonds
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen-ions activity
Hydrolysis
hydroxyl group
Ice Maker initiate by pump water into tube and as water freeze air bubbles push toward tube center resulting clear and transparent ice
Ice Maker Machine consider costly and require more storage space and experts for maintenance
Ice Maker Machine is a compact device produce small quantities of ice by using powerful compressor and evaporator and cooling system to freeze water into ice at much larger scale
Ice Maker Machine produce ice all time for effective cooling various scientific assays and research purposes
Identify bacterial species
Identify gram negative bacteria
Identify gram negative rod bacteria
Identifying desired DNA
Identifying genomic DNA by means of amplifying by using specific primers compatible to DNA of interest
IF Calculation by Microsoft Excel (Depending upon Reference Target)
If crime scene doesn't match suspect may be eliminate from enquiry
if crime scene match suspect strong evidence that suspect was present at crime scene
If the required nucleotides for assembly 177 nucleotides (only 35 nucleotides assembled)
If the temperature too hot enzymes may be denatured and killed
If you want to be able to measure pH in wider range use all buffers
If your plane to measure pH in acidic solutions use pH=4 buffer
If your plane to measure pH in high solutions use pH=10 buffer
Illumina and PacBio and Nanopore and others such as Mini Seq and Next Seq 500 and Hi Seq 2500 and Hi Seq 3000 and Hi Seq 4000 and etc.
illuminator
Immune system
immunoassay
Immunoassay is a laboratory technique use to bind between antigen and its homologous antibody
Immunology
Improvement Molecular Tools use bioinformatics analysis to analyze large scale
In Allozymes studies one enzyme express one gene control by co-dominant alleles
In Isozymes studies one enzyme express more than one gene
in an electrical field some move to positive pole and some move to negative pole and some not move because they are neutral protein
In ELISA-Plate use 50 microliters positive control (+) in first 3 wells and 50 microliters negative control (-) in second 3 wells and 50 microliters each samples in duplicate in remaining wells
In gene tree the gene transfer to sequence C and B while Sequence A and D called speciation
In Horizontal Laminar Airflow Cabinet Air directed through HEPA filter from back workstation toward user
In Horizontal Laminar Airflow Cabinet Air directed through HEPA filter from back workstation toward user to create ultra sterilization inside cabinet with constant velocity
In native gel conditions use polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a support without denature
In Southern blot DNA must be extracted and digested by restriction enzymes
In species tree the gene transfer from species B to species C and D
In Vertical Laminar Airflow Cabinet Air directed through HEPA filter from top to bottom
In Vertical Laminar Airflow Cabinet Air directed through HEPA filter from top to bottom to doesn't blow air directly toward user to provide best work place by decreasing movement of contaminated air
in vitro DNA molecular genetic analysis study protein DNA interaction within and outside cell to determine which DNA sequence binding proteins
include DNA of known sizes on the gel to determine the sizes of unknown DNA
Incomplete Linkage genes
Incorporate multiple substrate and pH indicator
Increase concentration of Agarose
Incubate at 37oC for one hour
Incubate Petri plates in 37oC one day
Incubate plates inverted position
Incubations
Incubator
Incubator must be place for (18 – 25) degree Celsius on flat and stable surface in at least 1.5 meter from light and 20 cm from walls
Incubator.
InDel Marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with bi-allelic nature across whole genome and high accuracy and good stability in kinship studies using high resolution (4-6)% agarose gel
InDel Marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification specific forward and reverse primers and separate PCR product by agarose gel electrophoresis to score present (1) or absent (0) bands
Indifference
Indirect ELISA
Indirect RNA sequencing or complementary RNA sequencing perform by sequence cDNA
Industrial Samples
Industrial sectors
Infections
infectious wastes
Inhibit Bacterial Cell Membrane
Inhibit Bacterial Cell Membrane Synthesis
Inhibit Bacterial Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis
Inhibition Zone Size
inhibition zones meet strip
Initial denaturation start at 94 for 10 minutes
Initiate by DNA extraction and denature DNA to obtain single DNA fragments and divide DNA sample into four tubes with primer and dNTP and Taq DNA polymerase and one ddNTPs in each tubes
Initiation
Injection system load samples and buffers by gravity or pressure or vacuum or electrokinetic
Injection system to load samples and buffers by gravity or pressure or vacuum or electrokinetic and detector to monitor amount of substance passing through capillary
Injector
Injector insert solvent with sample into stream in high pressure through column
inner layers of items
inoculate bacteria
Inoculate in zigzag pattern agar slope by sterile loop toward down center slope
inoculation
Inoculation Loops and Needles are microbiology tool consist of slender handle and small tip to isolate and inoculate bacterial colonies
Inoculation Loops and Needles transfer microbial cultures aseptically between media and streak agar plates for colonies isolation and inoculate broth cultures for microbial growth studies
Inoculation Loops are microbiology tool consist of slender handle and small circular loop at tip to isolate and inoculate bacterial colonies and streak bacteria in plates and smear bacteria on slide
Inoculation Needles designed to pierce into solid or semi-solid media to deliver bacteria accurately into interior medium for stab inoculations and motility test and anaerobic culture
Inoculation work with Loops and Needles initiate by disinfect around base of Bunsen burner to eliminate any bacteria and hold loop or needle by using thumb and first two fingers of hand
Inoculum
inorganic anions and cations or everything that can carry a charge
Input sequence of the online primer 3 tool must be in FASTA format
Insects
Insert DNA into vector
Insert vector into host cell
Insertion-Deletion Marker InDel Marker is DNA marker screen functional genes related to important traits between same or closely related species by screening errors in sequence replication
instructor name
Instruments
insulate heating and cooling cabinet
Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR marker or Multi-Loci Method) is microsatellite DNA marker use repeated sequence primers (16-25)bp length in PCR to generate (10-60) fragments between SSR sequence
Interaction between genotypes= Response different
Intermediate Bacteria toward Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
Interphase
interphase cells
Interphase FISH
Interpret cell in term of molecules such as macromolecules
Interpret cell in term of molecules such as macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins
Intrinsic
Introns
Inversion chromosome
invert petri dish
iodine solution
Ionizing and Non-ionizing radiations
Iso Chromosome Meaning
Iso-chromosome
Isolation Bacteria
Isopropanol Alcohol
ISSR marker consider highly polymorphic marker or multiple polymorphic loci without require prior knowledge of template DNA sequence
ISSR marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using single primer of repeated DNA motifs (2-4)bp as anchors into non--repeated adjacent regions (16-18)bp
ISSR marker use in genetic diversity and evolutionary biology
Items that used in autoclaves (Glassware and Instruments + Culture Media + Pipette Tips + Plastic Tubes + Specific biological wastes)
J Shape Chromosome
Karyograme
Karyotype
Karyotype work sheet
Kill and prevent bacteria from washing out during gram staining
Kilo Dalton
kilogram
kind of separation technique based on differential migration features of charged molecules in an electrical field
Kinetochore
Krebs cycle
Lab bench
Lab Coat
lab day
Lab Fridge
Lab shoes
Lab Surfaces
lab time
lab workers
Laboratory Signs and Symbols
Labwares (Plasticwares and Glassware’s) use in biotechnology studies and biological studies and clinical and pharmaceutical studies and chemical and biochemical Studies
Labwares is an essential tools in scientific research experiments divided in two common options (Plasticwares and Glassware’s) to handle liquids and grow cells and store samples and mix chemicals
lactate fermentation
Lactose Fermenting (Pink or Yellow Colonies)
Lag Phase
Lagging Strand
Laminar Airflow Cabinet
Laminar Airflow Cabinet doesn't use for storage infectious
Laminar Airflow Cabinet is enclosed bench work in combination with HEPA filter (Air passed through HEPA filter to remove all airborne contamination) to create aseptic conditions
Laminar Flow Cabinet
Large inhibition zone display with light inoculum and low temperature
large pore polyacrylamide
Larger Fragments are better resolved in low agarose gel concentration
Larger plate precisely milled spacer at either edge that generate 1 mm separation between assembled plates
Lawn Culture Method
Leading from clear to red
Leading Strand
Length Polymorphism refer to number of repeated sequence across genome
Leptotene
Less Condensed
Library similar to Body
lid
Lid off Petri dish or plate and pour medium in about ¼ or ½ inch depth of dish or plate and swirl plate to distribute medium uniformly
Life Sciences Researches
Light Intensity
Light Microscope
Light Microscope use to visualize internal organs of eukaryotic cells by enlarging images up to 1500 time their original size to identify bacterial cells with distinctive shapes
Light Reaction Stage
Light switch (Switch ON/OFF)
Line on Page similar to Locus
Line up sequences by their start indexes to construct matrix profile with frequencies of each nucleotide in columns to consensus nucleotide in each position that has highest score in each column
linear arrangement of genes
Linear Chromosome
Linear correlation
Linear DNA Band
linkage
Linkage Disequilibrium
Linkage Disequilibrium indicate non-random association of alleles indicating that SNP alleles or DNA sequence close together in genome and tend to be inherited together
Linkage Map
linkage maps
linked genes
Linked genes (Near between each other)
Lipids
liquid
Liquid Agar
Liquid Bacterial Samples
Liquid boils when vapor pressure equal atmospheric pressure
Liquid Culture Method
Liquid in inoculated tube after exposure cold temperature
Liquid Media
Liquid Media Culture
Liquid Medium
Liquid Nitrogen Containers
Liquid Waste
Living Bacterial Cells
Load Markers
Load samples
Load samples onto polyacrylamide
Load samples with gel wells
Loading dye
loading dye contains a dense substance such as glycerol
Loading Dye of SDS-PAGE: (0.005 gm bromophenol blue + 12 ml glycerol) dissolved in 8 ml distilled water for total volume 20 ml
Loading dye through agarose gel electrophoresis start by mixing bromophenol blue dye with DNA samples to be loaded into a gel
Locus
Locus is a particular location on a chromosome
Log Phase
Long arm (q arm)
Look under Light Microscope
Loop
Loss water vapor from leaf via stomata
low molecular weight range from 14 to 94 KDa
Low Speed Centrifuge
Lysosome
M checkpoint
M phase
macromolecules
Made (10-20 Thylakoids)
Magnesium
Magnetic stirrer
magnetic stirrer bar
Magnetic Stirrer Hot Plate is a small instruments has flat surface with heating elements without flames and work on the basis of rotating electromagnetic filed with magnetic stirrer bar
magnification
main menu
Main Switch
Main Switch (provide electricity)
Maintain integrity of genes
Maintain turgor pressure
Maintenance and preserve pure bacterial cultures
Make proteins directly when read genetic code
Make sure all items are disinfected
Make sure plate are clean
Making Chlorophyll
malfunction
Mammals
Manual Colony Counter
many cells
masks
Mass Comparator
Masses Types of Balance
Materials
Matrix
Mature Ovum
Mature Sperm
Maxam and Gilbert Sequencing Method initiate by DNA extraction and denature double strand DNA molecule to single fragments and radiolabel single fragments on 5’ ends
Maxam and Gilbert Sequencing Method is first generation sequencing method cleave specific DNA molecule by certain chemicals and subsequent cleavage at specific bases
Maxam and Gilbert Sequencing Method use purified DNA directly in sequencing process to identify DNA modification without require PCR and consider accurate and suitable in DNA foot printing studies
Measure small masses around 350 gm to submilligrams
Measuring molecular weight
Meat Extraction
Meat Extraction (Provide amino acids and vitamins and mineral salts)
Meat Extraction (Provide amino acids and vitamins)
Mechanisms of restriction enzymes start by scan DNA then bind to DNA to recognize specific sequence after that cut each sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA by hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds
Media
media become alkaline by change indicator color to pink-red
Media Preparation
media type
medicine
Megasporogenesis
Meiosis divisions
Melts
Membrane bound nucleus enclosing genetic materials
Mendelian traits refer to discrete variation
Meniscus of Eye Level
Messenger RNA
metabolic activities
metabolic bacterial reactions in bacterial cells
Metacentric
Metafer-4 software
Metal Jar
Metallic Ions
Metaphase
Metaphase Index
Metaphase one
Metaphase spread FISH
Metaphase two
methanol
Methylene blue
Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography separate all ions use surfactant in running buffer above micelle
Micro and Mini-satellite markers consider co-dominant nature markers with highly polymorphic loci with less susceptible to DNA degradation to study closely related species in population studies
Micro and Mini-satellite markers use in population studies to find differences alleles frequencies to trace specific alleles through pedigree to identify specific genes in chromosome
Micro plate Vortex Mixer
micro-volumes
Microarrays Technology is a genetic method detect expression of thousands genes at the same time by hybridize labeled cDNA on glass microscopic slides to bind complementary sequence to each other
Microarrays Technology provide data of thousands of genes expression and identify new genes and their function and expression levels under different conditions
Microbes
Microbial Behavior
microbial biomass
Microbial Community
Microbial Diversity and Community Structure
Microbial growth
Microbial Growth Characterization
Microbial Labs
Microbial Media
Microbial Media Preparation
Microbial Molecular Ecology
Microbial Sources
Microbiological Incubator
Microbiological Incubator is an insulate heating and cooling cabinet use to grow and maintain microbiological cultures under artificial conditions at constant and desired temperature
Microbiology labs
Microbiology Media
Microbiology Precaution
Microbiology Researches
Microbiology Sources
Micrograph
Micrometer
Microorganisms
Microorganisms Growth
Micropipette
Micropipette Dispensing Steps
Micropipette Manipulation
Micropipette Manipulation in Genetic Laboratories
Micropipette Manipulation in Genetic Laboratories.
Micropipette Tips Rack
Micropipette.
Microsatellite markers depend upon length differences while SNP markers depend upon one specific different
Microsatellite markers repeat (1-7) bp with allele size (100-400) bp such as STRs and SSRs and ISSRs
Microscope coarse knob
microscope coverslip
Microscope fine knob
microscope slide
Microscope Slide Preparation
Microsporogenessis
Microtome knives
Microtubule
Microwave
Microwave.
Migration
migration of charged particle through separation matrix toward positive charged electrode
Min Vortex Mixer
Mineral salts (bacterial enzymes activity)
Mini-satellite markers repeat (15-35) bp with allele size (400-1000) bp such as VNTRs
Minimal antibiotic
Minimal bactericidal
Minimal Hazard Chemicals
Minimize personnel exposure when working with biological materials
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Minimum lethal
Mismatch between primer and DNA template results decrease amount of PCR product
Mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA
mitosis and meiosis divisions
mitosis division
Mitosis Divisions
Mitotic Index
Mitotic Inhibition
mitotic metaphase chromosome
Mitotic Spindle Microtubules
Mix
Mix content in test tube well
Mix liquids
mixing
Mixing gas and air
Mobile Phase
Modern sequencing platforms sequence millions of nucleic acid fragments in parallel by break target nucleic acid into smaller pieces and attach adaptor to each fragment for sequencing
Moisture Heat Sterilization
Molality
Molarity
molecular analysis
Molecular Markers
Molecular Markers occupy specific genomic positions
Molecular Markers occupy specific genomic positions within chromosomes
Molecular Markers occupy specific genomic positions within chromosomes to study genetic diversity so these markers not influence by environmental factors and not influence by developmental stage
Molecular Markers or DNA markers occupy specific genomic positions within chromosomes
Molecular Markers or DNA markers occupy specific genomic positions within chromosomes to study genetic diversity between organisms
Molecular Markers use for genetic diversity and marker assisted selection
molecular weight
molecule size and shape
molecules
Moles of Fraction
Moles of Solutes
Monitor gene expression
Monocentric Chromosome
Monochromator
Monocots
Monosomy
Morality
More Condensed
Morphological Markers
Morphological Markers refer to phenotypic traits that influence by environmental factors
Morphological Markers refer to phenotypic traits that influence by environmental factors and by developmental stages
Morphological Markers refer to phenotypic traits that influence by environmental factors and developmental stages
Morphology
Motor
Motor (Rotate in circular motion)
move molecules by an electric current
Move sugars and plant chemicals
moves from negative to positive pole inside gel electrophoresis
mRNA
mRNA editing begin by cutting introns and splice exons together to produce different proteins
mRNA sequencing sequence Poly-A library (directly or in-directly) to identify expressed coding genes
Much (Heterochromatin) near nuclear envelop
Much more DNA Euchromatin
Multi loci specific marker
Multicellular organisms
Multiple crossing over
Musk
Mutation
Mutation rate of microsatellite markers range between (0.001 - 0.000001) per locus
Mycology
NA Yield
NaCl
name box
NanoDrop sensor or pedestal
NanoDrop spectrophotometer
Native proteins
Native proteins may be put into gel systems and electrophoresis because alternative native proteins gel forces all proteins to acquire the same size to charge ratio
Natural or synthetic products that use to kill or stop bacterial growth
Needle
Needle Valve
Negative
negative bands
Negative Catalase
Negative Citrate green color Identify gram negative bacteria
negative control
Negative electrode
Nematodes
Nematology
net charge of molecule
Next Generations Sequencing Method consider fast and scalable and accurate and effective sequencing method for large scale projects without require prior knowledge of genome
Next Generations Sequencing Method initiate by DNA or RNA extraction and library preparation by fragment DNA or RNA into shorter sequences and ligate adaptors in both ends of fragments
Next Generations Sequencing Method initiate by DNA or RNA extraction and library preparation in process of fragmentation and barcoding
Next Generations Sequencing Method use in single cell sequencing to sequence single cell to understand biological processes
Next Generations Sequencing Method use in target sequencing to sequence specific genes and RNA sequencing or transcriptome sequencing to sequence all RNA for gene expression profile
Next Generations Sequencing Method use in whole genome sequencing to sequence entire genome for complete DNA sequences and whole exome sequencing to sequence all exons in genome
ng/μl
NGS Sequence millions of nucleic acid fragments in parallel by break target nucleic acid into smaller pieces and attach adaptor to each fragment for sequencing
NGS use in epigenetic sequencing to examine modifications that affect gene activity without altering DNA sequencing e.g. DNA methylation and proteomic sequencing for protein quantification
Nitrogen
Nitrogenous base
No Access for People with Active Cardiac
No Admittance to Unauthorized Personnel
No Banding Techniques
No entry allowed
No interaction between genotypes= Response parallel
No Metals
Node is a branch point in tree
Node is branch point in tree
Non-circulating water bath
Non-homologous chromosome
Non-Lactose Fermenting (Blue or colorless Colonies)
Northern Blot use to detect RNA
Northern blotting to study RNA
nose piece
Not active transcription
Not linked genes (Have big distance between each other)
Nuclear membrane
nucleic acid
Nucleic Acids
Nucleobase
Nucleolus Functions
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Nucleotide Base Pairs
Nucleotide Pairs
nucleotides
nucleus
Numbers of cycles depends on the number of copies template DNA and desired amount of PCR product (generally 20 to 30 cycles in sufficient)
Nutrient Agar
Nutrient agar in test tube allow to harden in slant (agar slant)
Nutrient agar in test tube allow to harden in upright (agar deep tube)
Nutrient Agar Media
Nutrient Agar Plate
Nutrient Agar Plates
Nutrient agar poured and harden in petri plate (agar plate )
Nutrients
Objective Lenses
Obligate aerobe
Obligate Anaerobe
Observe clot formation as positive result
Observed polymorphism result from single nucleotide substitution within restriction sites or Indel in insertion sites or differences in methylation status
Observed polymorphism result from single nucleotide substitution within restriction sites or Indel in insertion sites or differences in methylation status on microarray system
obtain energy from sugar
Occur in all cells
Occur in cells chloroplasts
Ocular Lens
Offspring-1 represent heterozygote bands as in Parent-1 and Parent-2
Often have heterochromatin that is rich in satellite DNA sequences
Okazaki Fragments
Once finish turn speed knob to lowest
Only arms and Hands allowed inside work zone
Oogenesis
oot tips
open flames
Open Reading Frame
Open sash and clean all inner surfaces with 70% ethanol alcohol
opposite poles
Optical Density (O.D.)
Optical viewing windows to observe separation process
Optimal carbon dioxide
Optimal humidity
Optimal oxygen contents
optimal temperature
orbital rotation mode
ORF
organic acids and bases
Organic Matters
organism
organism name
organisms
Organisms respond to their environment via information from sensory input and changes in gene expressions in dynamic - immediate and transient modification of DNA program
Orthologous genes found in single copy in genome presented homologues between species
Oscillating board
outer surface
Oven
Oven chamber
Overcome by Carbon Dioxide and Dry Chemical and Halon
Overcome by Metal L-X (Sand)
Overcome by Water and Dry Chemical
Ovule
Oxidizing Substance
Oxygen
oxygen increases
P Arm
P Chromosome Arm
P-Site
Pachytene
Page Number similar to chromosome
Pair
pairing and ordering all somatic cell metaphase chromosomes
Pairwise alignment (Arrows refer to identity bar and some what similar for one dot and very similar for two dots and the different between internal and terminal gap)
Pant Tissue Culture Researches
Paper Folding
Paper Towel
Paracentric Inversion
Paraffin Wax
Paralogous genes results from duplicated genes
Parammoecius Cell
Parasites
parasitology
Parent-1 has high molecular weight band
Parent-2 has small molecular weight band
Parts of Billion
Parts of Million
Paternity Test
Pathology
Pathology Researches
PCR
PCR amplification using fluorescently labeled primer and mix product with size marker and separate product by capillary electrophoresis to detect larger and smaller allelic fragments
PCR contents have main four components (Deionized water + PCR Mix + 10 Pico mole forward primer and 10 Pico mole reverse primer + DNA template)
PCR is in vitro reaction of DNA replication
PCR reaction
Pellet
Pellets
Pellicle
pentose sugar
Peptide mapping
peptide markers range from 2.5 to 17KDa
peptides
Peptone (Provide nitrogen)
Percent sequence identity describe invariant of two nucleotide or amino acid sequences
Percent sequence identity describe invariant of two nucleotide or amino acid sequences (Match sequence) (Mismatch sequence) (Gap Opening) (Gap Extension)
Perform library enrichment by PCR to generate quantities of DNA fragments with adaptors for sequencing by using any of sequence platforms and align sequences to reference genomes
Pericentric Inversion
perimeter plate
Periodic Table
Permanent Vacuole
Personnel exposure
Personnel Protection
pesticides
Pestle and Mortar consider relatively inexpensive method in generate very small particles
Pestle and Mortar is traditional method crush and grind substances into fine powder
Pestle and Mortar is traditional method crush and grind substances into fine powder to reduce particle size of solid substance by pound and press and circular motions to improve solubility
Pestle and Mortar lead contaminant issues from dust during work
Pestle and Mortar steps initiate by rinse mortar and pestle with warm water and fill ⅓ mortar with substances to avoid spillage and use one hand to hold mortar steady on flat surface
Pestle and Mortar traditional method crush and grind substances into fine powder
Petri dish
Petri dished or plates based on shape as square or rectangle and material as glass or plastic and compartment for multiple culture media in single dish or plate
Petri Dishes
Petri dishes or plates avoid contamination and provide observe cultures without remove lid and provide storage space for cultures and insects and seeds
Petri dishes or plates consist of transparent lid fit on top dish and transparent container which is dish or plate and all made from coreless glass or plastic for easy observation culture
Petri dishes or plates is one of the most common item in biological labs use for culture plate technique to understand Bacteriology / Mycology / Infectious Diseases and other studies
Petri dishes or plates need experts
Petri plate
Petri Plates
pH 10
pH 4
pH 7
pH Meter
pH Meter is a scientific instrument that measures hydrogen ions activity in water based solutions indicating its acidity of alkalinity expressed as pH
Phenol : Chloroform : IsoAmyle
Phenolic
Phenotypic Level study biometrical model and additive and dominance components
Phosphate groups
Phosphdiester Bonds
Phosphorus
Photolysis
Photosynthesis
photosynthesis decreases
Phycology
Phylogeny study evolutionary relationships between biological
Phylogram refer to genetic change between taxonomies
Physical Hazards
Physical map expresses distance
Physiology
PI dye
Pick colonies aseptically near flame
Piece of tissue taken from dead body
Piece of tissue taken from living body
Pink Color refer to pretty good BLAST
Pipet
Pipette
Pipette calibration
Pipette small amount of diluted bacterial cell suspension onto center agar surface plate
pipetting
Pistil
Place cabinets in at least (1-3) meters distance from door or other sides
Place equipment's in at least 12 inches from hood sash
Place loop on agar surface medium in zigzag pattern without cut agar medium
PLANO CONCAVE
PLANO CONCAVE Use for celloidin sections
Plant Cell
plant climb
Plant Roots
Plant transpires 90% water that enter through roots
Plants
Plaque
plasmid
Plasmid DNA
Plastic jar
Plasticwares reduce risk of contamination through single use to ensure efficiency and safety and accuracy and reliability results so it consider ideal for preparatory procedures
plate
Pleiotropic Inheritance is effect of single gene on more than trait
Point mutations have three kinds (silent-non-sense and missense which involved corservative and non-corservative) and all of these kinds have alternation in DNA level results changes in protein levels
Pollen grains
Polyacrylamide
Polycentric Chromosome
Polygenic Inheritance process of several genes that interact to produce certain trait which responsible for most important traits
Polymerase Chain Reaction
polymerization start within (25 – 30) minutes
Polymorphic bands Discriminate individuals while Monomorphic bands Not Discriminate individuals
Polymorphism amplified sequence corresponds to genetic differences
Polymorphism of AFLP Marker detect by vertical electrophoresis using denature polyacrylamide gel to visualize separated fragments to score bands as presence (1) or absence (0)
Polymorphism of Co-dominant markers have heterozygote and homozygote bands and polymorphism of Dominant markers have only homozygote band
Polypeptide Chain
Polyploidy
polysaccharide
Polysaccrides
population level study allele and genotype frequencies
Pores found on plant leaves and stems
position of gene
positive bands
Positive Catalase
Positive Citrate blue color
positive control
positive electrode
Positive test
Positive test indicate purple color
Potassium
pour between glass sandwich using scientific instruments and gently covered with 1 cm of water
Pour buffer solution as running gel
Pour Liquid to be Extracted
Pour Media
Pour off iodine
Pour Plate Culture Method
Pour Plate Method
Pour sterilized media in petri plate
powder
Power Supply
Power supply and chamber
Pre-selective PCR 26 Cycles
Precautions
Precipitation of DNA
Prepare bacterial smear
Prepare cDNA library to generate millions reads of each sample in process of fragmentation to optimize sequencing of target cDNA and adaptor ligation to bind transcripts as priming site for sequencing
Presence of 20% Carbon Dioxide
presence of certain enzymes
present oxygen
Press tube correctly above rubber cup head for mixing
pretreatment roots
Primary and Secondary Structure
Primary Constriction
Primary root
Primers
Primers define the sequence to be amplified
Primers hybridize with separated strands of DNA at 55 to 65 degree Celsius
Probe Sequence range from 100 to 500 base pair in length
probes
Process of Karyotyping in Plants
Process of pairing and ordering all chromosomes in organisms to demonstrate
Process of staining the gel beginning with place the gel in the staining tray containing warm diluted stain
Processing
Produce food
Produce water and carbon dioxide
produces chemical changes in organic substrates through enzymes actions of anaerobic microorganisms in absence of oxygen
Product Protection
prokaryotic
Promoter
Promoter allow RNA polymerase to bind to begin transcription
Promoter and TATA Box have 300 base pairs while TATA Box have only 30 base pairs from the 300 base pairs
Promoters
Prophase
Prophase Index
Prophase one
Prophase two
protein
Protein Markers
Protein Microarrays detect protein interaction based on protein seq
Protein quantification
protein synthesis
Proteinase K
Proteins
Proteins unlike DNA don’t have constant size to charge ratio
Proteomics is a global analysis of protein expression
Protozoa
Protozoa Cells
Protozoology
Provide snapshot of coding and non-coding transcripts to understand connection between genome and its gene expression and identify novel features of gene fusions and isoforms
Provide uniform bacterial growth
Pulling air
Pulsing Vortex Mixer
Pump
Pump generate flow
purified water
Purine
Put Petri plate containing bacterial colonies on surface glass grid
pyrimidine
Pyrosequencing is type of DNA Sequencing depending upon release of PPi and ATP
Q Arm
Q chromosome Arm
Q-banding
Qualitative Filter Paper suitable for liquid samples and general lab work and Quantitative Filter Paper suitable for gravimetric analysis and Hardened Filter Paper suitable for use in Buchner funnels
Qualitative Filter Paper suitable for liquid samples and general lab work and Quantitative Filter Paper suitable for gravimetric analysis and various analytical applications
quantify nucleic acid samples
Quantitative traits refer to continuous variation
quick access toolbar
R-banding
rainbow markers rang from 10 to 250 KDa
Raise sash in lowest work height for protection
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD marker) Amplify genomic DNA randomly
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD marker) Amplify genomic DNA randomly between two identical short sequence with single short oligonucleotide primer (10 base pair) based on PCR amplification
RAPD marker is PCR based technique in which single short oligo-nucleotide primer use to amplify random sequences from DNA template
RAPD marker provide quick screen of DNA sequence
RAPD marker use in genetic diversity studies and germplasm characterization and genetic structure of population and genome mapping
RAPD Markers
RAPD polymorphism occur due to base substitution at primer binding sites or indels in regions between binding sites
razor blade
RCF
Reactive and Oxidizing Chemicals
reactive chemicals
Reading Frames
Reagent Bottles
receiving Hood
recessive alleles
reciprocal mode
Reciprocal Translocation Chromosome Meaning
Recombinant DNA
recombination chromosomes
Recombination Frequencies determine relative distances between markers
recombination nodules
Recorder to record data after complete electrophoresis operation
Red Color refer to excellent BLAST
red flame
red fluorescent
Red heat sterilization
Red Spot gene expressed in cancer cells only
Reduce Microbial Population Sufficiently
Reduce Temperature
Refrigerant
Refrigerator
regulation of gene expression of target genes
Rehydrate section in descending series dilutions of ethanol
Release energy
Release Factors
Release oxygen
Remove excess dye
Remove excess stain allow gel to stain in water by replace water several times
Remove paraffin
Repeat= Repeat many times in chromosome
repetitive sequences never transcript
replication error
replication fork
replication forks
replication forks.
Reporter Genes
Repressor prevent polymerase from binding to go through transcription
Research activities
Reservoir
Resistant Bacteria toward Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
Resolving gel
Respiratory Protection
Respirometer Test
Responsible for active transcription
Responsible of protein synthesis by regulating gene expression
Responsible of ribosomal formation
restriction checkpoint
Restriction Enzymes or Restriction Endonucleases found in bacteria to provide defense mechanism against invading viruses by degrading viral DNA without affecting bacterial DNA
Restriction enzymes that have shorter sequence have greater fragments
Restriction enzymes used in gene characterization by RFLP markers and gene mapping such as restriction maps and gene manipulation such as gene cloning and protein expression experiments
Restriction Mapping
Restriction Maps are position of restriction sites within genome
Results of multiple sequence alignment of clustal W appear as a result files including(Input sequences Tool Output Alignments in Clustal Format guide tree) and scores table
Reusable Cell Spreader Tool is glass or metal tool sterilize at high temperature for next use
Reusable Cell Spreader Tool is a glass or metal stainless steel tool sterilize at high temperature for next use
Reusable Metal Loops and Needles sterilize in flaming Bunsen burner until becomes red hot while Disposable Plastic Loops and Needles are sterile single use without need flame
Reusable Metal Loops and Needles sterilize in flaming burner until red hot
Revisor holds solvent
RFLP marker co-dominant inheritance estimate Heterozygosity and multi loci specific marker because define two or more alleles and isn't require sequence information
RFLP Marker detect length of restricted fragments using southern blot hybridization
RFLP marker use in genetic diversity and genetic relationship and genetic drift and selection and whole genomic mapping and gene tagging
RFLP Markers
RFLP markers use to analyze variation and location of restriction sites
RFLP require large amount of DNA
ribbon tabs
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Ribose
Ribosomal Assembly and Synthesis rRNA and tRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomes
Ring Chromosome
Ring Chromosome Meaning
Rinse and save pH Meter electrode with distilled water inside beaker
Risk Assessment
Risk Degree
Risk Managements
RNA
RNA Microarrays detect gene expression based on known sequences
RNA polymerase (Primase)
RNA Sequencing detect differences in gene expression without prior knowledge of genome sequence to detect novel transcripts and allele specific expression and alternative gene splicing transcripts
RNA Sequencing initiate by RNA extraction and RNA selection to select target RNA and synthesize cDNA from isolated RNA and prepare cDNA library to generate millions reads of each sample
RNA Sequencing Method use reverse transcription (RT-PCR) for cDNA library preparation for sequencing and data analysis to study gene expression and gene function and splicing pattern
RNA sequencing or Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing is next generation sequencing provide snapshot of coding and non-coding transcripts to understand connection between genome and gene expression
Rod Shape Chromosome
Root architecture
Root Branches
Root Cap
Root Diameter
Root Forks
Root Germination
Root hairs
Root image analysis
Root is common ancestries of all taxonomies
Root Length
Root measurement
Root morphology
Root Number
root tips
Root topology
Root Volume
rotate in circular motion for proper homogenization
rotating electromagnetic field
Rotor
Roundly
row
row numbers in row header
RPM
rRNA
Rubber Cup Head
Rubber Cup Head (Place above motor to held tubes)
Rubber Stopper
Run Airflow for 15 minutes
Run gel apparatus at 200 volts for 30 to 40 minutes
Run reaction in denature polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or Capillary gel to visualize nucleotides peaks reflect sequence of chain termination to compare output sequence with reference sequence
Run the electrical power to 70 voltage
run through gel slower than slowest protein at pH above 8
Running buffer
Running buffer in SDS-PAGE protocol have pH 8.3 (12 grams Tis Base + 57.6 grams Glycine + 4 grams SDS) dissolved in 4 liters distilled water
Running Gel
S phase
Safe Work Area
safety
Safety Goggles
Safranin
SAGE Technology have modification (Micro-SAGE + Small Amplified RNA-SAGE + Mini-SAGE + Long-SAGE + Robust-Long SAGE + Super-SAGE) for efficient cloning and sequencing to quantify gene expression
SAGE Technology initiate by isolate mRNA and add biotin label thiamin primer to synthesize cDNA and bind product to streptavidin coat beads and cleave with anchor enzyme and discard loos fragments
SAGE Technology is a transcriptom technique produce snapshot of mRNA of particular sample
SAGE Technology provide quantitative and comprehensive gene expression profile in a given cell sample and identify novel transcripts without prior sequence information
SAGE Technology require sequencing techniques and computer software's and bioinformatics knowledge
same chemical and metabolic activities
sample ID box
samples
Samples preparation
Samples Transporting
Sand
Sandwich ELISA
Sandwich ELISA (Involve attachment of capture antibody to solid phase follow by enzyme labeled antibody)
Sanger Sequence Method consider gold standard for single genes or small DNA regions with base accuracy 99.99% up to 1000bp in single run without require complex bioinformatics tools and experts
Sanger Sequencing Method is first generation sequencing method use Dideoxy nucleotides (ddNTPs) that lack (3-OH) hydroxyl group and incorporate with growing DNA strand during PCR
Sanger Sequencing Method use single strand DNA for sequencing and primer to flank regions of target sequence and Taq DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strand and dNTPs and ddNTPs
Sarcina
Sash
Sash (Front glass door)
Sash (Glass window protect user during work)
Satellite
Saturated Solution
Scalpel
Scanner
Scanning electron microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope (Coat the specimen with Heavy Metal)
Scanning Electron Microscope creates image by detecting reflected electrons
SCAR Marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with locus specific nature and stable and reproducible and informative marker
SCAR Marker is PCR-agarose gel electrophoresis based on sequence specific polymorphic RAPDs use cloning and sequencing to synthesize specific primers to identify specific locus
SCAR Marker or Locus Specific Marker is a PCR-agarose gel electrophoresis based on sequence specific polymorphic RAPDs fragments use cloning and sequencing techniques to synthesize specific primers
SCAR Marker use for locus specificity and gene tagging
scientific instruments
Scorable Markers
Scorable Markers or Reporter Genes help visualize transient expression
SCoT Marker consider multi-locus and efficient and informative marker because of polymorphism directly related to gene function based on transcribed regions of genome without sequence information
SCoT Marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using long single universal primer (18-mer) to flank (ATG) region on two strand of DNA and separate by agarose gel electrophoresis
Screen mutations
scrollbar
SDS
SDS-PAGE
SDSdenature proteins and makes them negatively charged
se parallel sequencing platforms to sequence multiple samples in parallel
Second and Third Generations Sequencing regarding next generation platforms
Second Generation Sequencing contain platforms of NGS Method
Second plate is shorter and has the same width as a spacer plate
Secondary Constriction
Secondary root
Sectioning
Secure rubber cup head attachment before use
Secure rubber cup head before use
Sediment
Sedimentation
Select data menu and data analysis icon and select regression and click OK
Select descriptive statistics
Select desired speed by turning speed controller knob
Select proper grade based on particle size and filtration speed requirements and fold circular paper in half then into quarters and open it into cone shape to fit into funnel
Select proper grade based on particle size and filtration speed requirements and fold circular paper in half then into quarters and open it into cone shape to fit into funnel a
Select proper location
Select scatter plot and go to format trend line and select linear and select set intercept and select display equation on chart and select R-squared value on chart
Select the input range of the data values
Select the input range of Y and the input range of X and click in labels box and select the output range and click OK
Select the objective of crosses direction
Select the out put range
Select the range of first variable and select the range of second variable and select the output range/click OK
Select the summary statistics
Select the target parents for crosses
Selectable Markers
Selectable Markers use to recover transgenic cells from a sea of non-transgenic cells
Selective Media
Selective PCR reaction include two phases (First phase involve 12 Cycles with decrease temperature by 0.7 degree Celsius) while (Second phase include 23 Cycles)
Semiconservative Replication
Semisolid Nutrient Agar media
Sensitive Bacteria toward Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
Separate amplified PCR product by gel electrophoresis and cut and purify interested fragment from gel for sequencing and compare sequence using BLAST tool in NCBI website
Separate different components in fluid
Separate insoluble particles from liquid
Separate roots from each other above scanner glass
separate the strands of DNA
Separated Colonies
separates nucleic acids
Separates proteins
Separating bacteria
Separating gel
Separating gel must be 8 to 15% polyacrylamide to separate proteins
Separation or filtration flask connect directly to vacuum source
sequence
sequence analysis
Sequence Characterized Amplified Region or SCAR or Locus Specific Marker is a PCR-agarose gel electrophoresis based on sequence specific polymorphic RAPDs use cloning and sequencing techniques
Sequence millions of nucleic acid fragments in parallel by break target nucleic acid into smaller pieces and attach adaptor to each fragment for sequencing
Sequence Polymorphism use to make alignment between sequence queries
Sequence related amplified polymorphism or SRAP marker amplify open reading frames (ORFs) by target promoter and exons and introns regions in whole genome to link actual genes
Sequence types of RNAs to target both coding and non-coding transcripts to provide all information about gene expression
Sequence-tagged Site or STS Marker is short DNA sequence (200 to 500) bp in genome detect by PCR to define single sequence tagged site that flanking by specific PCR primer
sequences of nucleotides
Sequencing by next generation sequencing and analyze obtain data by bioinformatics tools by comparing obtain sequence with reference sequence
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression or SAGE Technology is transcriptom technique produce snapshot of mRNA of particular sample in form of short sequence tags that correspond to those transcripts
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression or SAGE Technology is a transcriptom technique produce snapshot of mRNA for efficient cloning and sequencing to quantify global gene expression in given cell
serial dilution method in test tubes
Serial Dilution Tubes
Serial Dilutions
Serial Dilutions Methods
Serial Tubes
Serological Studies
serums
Serves a start site for DNA polymerase which extend in 5 to 3
Sex
Sex chromosomal STR provide information about inheritance from males or females
Sex chromosomes
Sexual Cell
Shaker
Shaking Incubator
Shaking Incubator have combined shaker and incubator to provide rapid and uniform artificial conditions for aeration cultures and solubility studies by evenly mix nutrients
Shaking water bath
Shape
shape and arrangement of bacteria
Shapes of homozygote and heterozygote nucleotides in sequence results
Sharp Wastes
sheet tab
Shelves
Short arm (P arm)
Short Tandem Repeat marker is microsatellite DNA marker occur when short sequence of DNA 1-7 bp repeated adjacent each other in row in genome resulting DNA segments 400 bp length
Short= Rang from (1-7)bp in length
Shotgun Sequencing is type of DNA sequencing determine sequence of large piece of DNA
Should be (18 – 25) nucleotides to bind to strand of DNA and giving specificity
Shout Fire
Silenced Genes
Silver stain consider 100 times sensitive than Coomassie blue stain use to detect 10 nano grams of proteins
Silver stain is 50 times more sensitive detect (0.3 – 0.5) ng protein per band
Similar genes have similar regulators under certain conditions
Simple analysis can be done directly from auto sum functions in toolbar
Simple analysis in Microsoft excel (Addition – Subtraction – Multiplication – Division – Exponentiation)
Simple Filtration
Simple Leaf
Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism or SSLP Marker is a microsatellite PCR marker similar to SSR marker array repeat unique sequence of genomic DNA to display length of allelic variation
Single Bacterial Cell
single cell
Single cell lack membrane bound nucleus and mitochondria except ribosomes
Single cell RNA sequencing sequence RNA from individual cells to characterize cellular heterogeneity within complex cell and identify unknown and rare cell types and explore changes in gene expression
Single chromosome represent many loci or genes
Single crossing over
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP Marker is a single base change between DNA sequences in every 100 to 300 base pairs in heredity resulting change in amino acids leading to change in proteins
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism.
Single Pan Balance
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism or SSCP Marker is an electrophoretic PCR marker study difference of single strand DNA mobility through non-denture polyacrylamide gel to detect point mutations
single strand probes
Single stranded
site conversion of light energy into chemical energy
Site of DNA Replication
Site of DNA Transcription
Sites specific mutagenesis
Size
size of PCR (1 – 3) ng DNA (100 – 200) bp
size of PCR (10 – 40) ng DNA (1000 – 2000) bp
size of PCR (3 – 10) ng DNA (200 – 500) bp
size of PCR (5 – 120) ng DNA (500 – 1000) bp
Slant Culture
Slant Media
Slant Tube
Slide agglutination
Slide preparation
Small Molecules
small pore polyacrylamide gel resolves protein (24 – 205) KDa
Small RNA sequencing sequence microRNA and short interfering RNA and Piwi interacting RNA to study gene regulation
Smallest unit structure life functions
Smallest unit structure can perform life functions
Smear
Smear bacterial colonies on soaked paper
Smear technique
Smear Technique for Meiosis Divisions
smooth operation
Smoother Fire
SNP determine most phenotypic information
SNP Marker
SNP markers consider co-dominant and bi allelic markers
SNP markers consider co-dominant and bi allelic markers with accurate typing in more than 95% SNP easy to score for forensic applications
so movement through PAGE gel is proportional to mass not to charge
so proteins stays in original conformation for protection from oxidation
so small fragments moves faster than large fragment
Soak filter paper with oxidase
Sodium Chloride
Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separates proteins based primarily on their molecular weight in electric filed by uses a discontinuous gel
Sodium dodecyle sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Soil
Solid Bacterial Samples
Solid Media
Solid Medium
Solid Nutrient Agar Media
Solidifies
Solubility
Solute
solutes
Solution
Solution Concentration
Solution Concentrations
Solution Dilution
solvent
Somatic Cell
Somatic or mitotic crossing over
Some labs
Southern Blot use to detect DNA
Southern Blotting
Southern blotting to identify genomic regions
Spatulas
specialized organelles
Specific Biological Wastes
specific locus probes
specimen
specimens
Spectrophotometer
Sperm
Spermatogenesis
Spills
Spindle fibers
Spirilum
Spirit Lamp
Spirochete
split Water into Hydrogen and Oxygen
Spread bacterial uniformly near flame
Spread by Loop
Spread cells onto slide
Spread control bacteria on either side of Petri plate
Spread Plate
Spread Plate Culture Method
Spread Plate Method
spread unknown bacteria onto central area of same plate
Spreader types have various shapes which are (L-shape / T-shape / Triangular-shape)
squash method
Squashing needle
SRAP marker require prior sequence information of samples
SRAP marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with multi-allelic nature and classify as stable and reproducible and informative marker
SRAP marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using forward and reverse primers and separate PCR product by agarose gel electrophoresis to score present (1) and absent (0) bands
SSB Proteins
SSC
SSCP Marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with multi-allelic nature and doesn't require prior sequence information and provide genetic background variation for functional analysis
SSCP Marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using specific forward and reverse primers and denature double strand PCR product to single strand and run non-denature polyacrylamide gel
SSLP Marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with multi-allelic nature and classify as a stable and reproducible and informative marker
SSLP Marker mostly occur in non-coding regions and control gene expression of coding regions without coding any protein in form of (Di-or Tri- or Tetra- or Penta-nucleotide repeats)
SSR marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with locus specific and multiple alleles and highly polymorphism with stability and reproducibility
SSR marker initiate by extracting DNA for PCR amplification using fluorescent or regular primers and detect amplified DNA fragments with agarose gel electrophoresis to compare bands patterns
SSR marker microsatellite DNA marker cover almost entire genome with 18 to 25 of repetitive sequences Primer
SSR Markers
SSR markers called Dominant markers
SSR or Simple Sequence Repeats Markers are a DNA markers developed by amplifying repeated microsatellite across genome
SSR use in genetic diversity studies and germplasm characterization and DNA fingerprinting
Stab Culture Method
Stability
Stable Incubator
Stable Incubator have tow doors made of glass to easily view contents for good regulations of temperatures and humidity for fast recovery times after open and close door
Stacking Gel
stacking gel has pH= 6.8 with low polyacrylamide concentration
Stacking gel must be 5% polyacrylamide to concentrate all proteins in one band to start migrating in running gel at the same time
stacking gel pour
Stages of Cultural Method
Stain
Stain by Coomassie blue dye for 1 hours with agitate slowly on shaker
Stain lighter
Stain the gel with standard stain
staining
stainless steel
Stamen
Standard buffers
standard lab steps and procedures
Standard Solution
starch agar media
Start Codon
Start Codon Target Polymorphism or SCoT Marker is a simple gene target marker based on short conserved region surround translation start codon (ATG) to track inheritance of functional genes
Start work from left to right direction inside Laminar Airflow Cabinet
Stationary Phase
statues bar
Stemless Funnel
Stemmed Funnel
Steps of Bacterial Serial Dilution
Steps of Bacterial Serial Dilution on Agar Plates
Sterile Cup
Sterile Gloves
sterilization
Sterilize
Sterilize glassware
Sterilize instruments
Sterilize loop or needle before and after inoculation until become red hot by using blue flam of Bunsen burner and cool loop and needle for few seconds before selecting bacterial sample
Sterilize media
Sterilize solutions
Sticky 3’ Overhang
Sticky 5’ Overhang
Sticky and Blunt Ends
Sticky ends called also Cohesive ends useful for DNA manipulation
Stigma
Stirring Glass Rod
Stock 1 (30 gm acrylamide + 0.8 gm Bis-acrylamide)
Stock 3 (6 gm Tris-HCL dissolve in 50 ml distilled water)
Stock bacterial culture
Stock2 (18.2 gm Tris-base or Tris-HCL dissolved in 50 ml distilled water)
Stomata
Stop Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
Stop Codon
Stop work once alarm run
Store cell heredity material
Store chemicals in a appropriate cabinet and bring them into fume hood as needed
Store clones
Store energy
Store samples
Store solutions
Store sterilized media
STR marker use in genetic diversity
STR marker useful on degraded DNA and consider co-dominant and multiple alleles marker with highly polymorphic nature and stability inheritance
STR markers use to analyze short repeat sequence 4 to 6 base pairs
STR sequence name by length of repeat unit
Straight needle in nutrient gelatin or Semisolid Agar Media
Streak bacteria on slant agar surface and stabbing
Streak Plate Culture Method
Streak surface agar plate with it
strength of electric field
Strike Plate
Stroke Culture Method
Stroma
structure and genetic function and molecular organization of cells
STS consider co-dominant inheritance marker and stable and reproducible and informative marker and act as universal genetic marker for physical maps in different Labs to construct physical maps
STS initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using specific forward and reverse primer that bind to ends of tagged site and demonstrate specificity of PCR reaction by gel electrophoresis
Studies in bioinformatics
Study biochemistry and cell functions
Study cloning and sequencing
Study germplasm characterization for DNA fingerprinting
Study structure
Study transcriptional regulation
study transcriptional regulation and gene expression
Sub metacentric
Sub-organelle in nucleus without membrane
Subculture last MIC tube doesn't contain antibiotic onto agar media
substances or powders
substrate
Supercoiled DNA Band
Supernatant
Support Separator Funnel in ringer stand
Surface Agar media
surface agar medium
Surface Media
Surround each stoma
Swab soaked bacterial suspension
Swabs
Swing Bucket rotor
Swirl to Mix
Switch OFF
synapsis chromosomes
synapsis chromosomes.
Synergism
Synthetic or Defined Media
Syringe Filter consider fast and efficient and easy use with wide compatibility to prepare samples for analysis by remove particulates and generally designed for single-use without cleaning
Syringe Filter is a single use membrane device attach to end of syringe for sample preparation by remove particulate contaminants from liquid to ensure purity for reliable and reproducible data
Systematic Functional
Tabletop
Tabletop (Flat workstation made of stainless steel)
Tag-SNP
Tag-SNP markers represent SNP in region of genome to show high linkage disequilibrium for association studies
Taking Tips by Micropipette
Tandem= Locate adjacent each other at specific locus
Taproot
Taq DNA Polymerase
Taq DNA polymerase and dNTPs and Magnesium's ions work for DNA synthesis from primers
Taq DNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for copying sequences starting at primer from single strand
Taq polymerase
target DNA
Target DNA contain primer recognition sequences
Target region amplification polymorphism or TRAP marker is an efficient PCR marker improved from SRAP marker use available of DNA sequence to detect target genes by using fixed and arbitrary primers
Target RNA sequencing sequence specific transcript to study particular genes
Target RNA sequencing sequence specific transcript to study particular genes or pathways
Target Sequencing is type of DNA sequencing determine sequence of particular genes from whole genome sequences using specific probes to capture interested genes in process of hybridization
TATA box nucleotides
Taxonomy
TBE Buffer
TBE or TAE Buffer
TBE or Tris-Borate EDTA is high buffering capacity with pretty good resolution
TE buffer
Telocentric
Telocentric.
Telomere
Telomeres
Telomeric probes
Telophase
Telophase Index
Telophase one
Telophase two
TEMED in SDS-PAGE use to accelerate free radical generation by Ammonium Per Sulphate
Temperature
Termination
Test Carbohydrates metabolism
Test carbohydrates metabolism in bacteria
test metabolism of bacterial amino acids and proteins
Test Tube
Test Tube Brush
Test Tube Clamp
Test Tube Holder
Test Tube Rack
Test Tube Racks
Test Tubes
Test Tubes Brush
Test Tubes Holder
Test Tubes Racks
Test unknown bacterial sensitivity compared to known sensitivity bacteria
Tetrad
the average of amino acids= 110 Daltons and the average of nucleotide pair= 649 Daltons
The direction of gene start from 5’ to 3’ and between these ends there are promoter as control gene region + Transcription start site + Untranslated regions + Exons + Introns + Terminator sequence
The items that never used in autoclave are (Oil + Some Plastic)
The output of F-test of two sample for variance contain(Mean – Variance – Observation - Degree of Freedom – F Calculation - Probability of one tail – F Critical of one tail)
The output of regression analysis (Regression Statistics + ANOVA Regression + intercept of the studied variables (Standard error and t-test and p-value and the confident levels around 95% ))
The process of staining the gel beginning with place the gel in the staining tray containing warm diluted stain
The top of the gel box in SDS-PAGE attach to negative power outlet
The work steps of Cell Spreader Tool initiate by make series dilution of target bacterial samples and place agar plate on clean and stable surface
Theoretical Yield of PCR 2 exponential cycles
There are many types of Pestle and Mortar which are (Stone + Wood + Glass + Metal + Ceramic + Porcelain)
Thermistor
Thermocouples
Thermometer
Thermostable DNA polymerase
Thermostat or regulator
Thyamin
Thymine (T)
TissueLyser initiate by place target sample in 2 ml tube contains two grinding stainless steel balls ansd add appropriate volume of lysis buffer and place microtubes in TissueLyser adapter
TissueLyser Machine consider fast and effective disruption multiple samples at once by provide high speed shaking with oscillation frequencies to break down complex tissues into uniform
TissueLyser Machine disrupt biological samples in parallel by using microtube rack and caps with two adaptors
TissueLyser Machine disrupt biological samples in parallel by using microtube rack and caps with two adaptors and each adaptor comprise top and bottom plate for holding microtube rack
To Create DATA Analysis Icon in Microsoft Excel File must be click on tools menu above the ribbon then select (Add-Ins) after that click on analysis Toolpak and click OK to get DATA Icon
To detect chromosome aberrations
To Ensure microbial product
To identify functionality
to identify individuals among and between species + Identify mutations + Identify DNA sequences from unknown DNA samples by identifying site specific mutagenesis using restriction mapping
To Improve diagnostic capabilities
To load sample in SDS-PAGE protocol: Place a loaded gel loading tip at the bottom of sample well and slowly expel the sample by avoiding air bubbles
To Make Fresh Ammonium Per Sulphate (APS) 10% for SDS-PAGE: 0.5 gm APS dissolved in 5 ml distilled water
To regulate transpiration rate
To sort Data by Microsoft Excel must select the data in spreadsheet then go to data tab and select sort
To synthesize specific SCAR primers that flank regions of original RAPDs primers and re-amplify template with SCAR primers to Identify specific Bands
To understand microbial behavior
To Work with Bunsen Burner: 1- Close Air Hole
TOOL EDGE
TOOL EDGE Use for hardness tissue such as bone
Tools
Top Balance
Topography
Toxic Chemical
Toxic Chemicals
Toxic Substance
Toxic.
Tracking Dye
Trans acting elements (proteins) are non-DNA and can diffuse through cytoplasm and act at target DNA sites
Trans acting Elements.
Trans or Repulsion phase
Transcription
Transcription process antisense strand convert to 5’ to 3 direction for RNA
Transfer 1 ml from first tube to second tube
transfer 1 ml to third tube
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA.
Translation
Translocation
translocation chromosome
Transmission Electron Microcopy (Need Thin Section + Negative Stain)
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy uses transmitted electrons through specimens to create image
Transmission Electron Microscopy was the first type of electron microscope in patterned exactly like light microscope and It use as beam of electrons to focus on the specimen to produce image
Transpiration
Transport minerals through plant
Trap and reduce microorganisms cells from liquid solutions using 0.22 micrometer for bacteria or 10 millimeters for viruses
TRAP marker consider co-dominant inheritance marker with multi-allelic nature and classify as stable and reproducible and informative marker by identifying location of genes control interested traits
TRAP marker initiate by DNA extraction for PCR amplification using fixed and arbitrary primers and separate PCR product by gel electrophoresis to score present (1) or absent (0) Bands
Triple Beam Balance
Tris Base
Tris-Base
Tris-HCL
Trisomy
tRNA
Tumor Cell Development
Turbidity
Turn ON
Turn ON colony counter
Turn ON main switch
Two chromosomes have different genes sequences and loci
Two chromosomes have same genes sequences and loci
Two Daughter Bacterial Cells
two daughter cell
Two identical DNA molecules
Two Pan Balance
Two restriction enzymes cut un-evenly sticky ends such as Mse-1 Cut Frequently and ECOR-1 Cut Rarely
Type A1 and A2
Type B1 and B2
Type gene bank in google search and select gene bank Home-NCBI and type the required gene in nucleotide search and select the results in FASTA format and enjoy the sequence of gene
Type-1 Cleave DNA at random length from recognition sites
Type-2 Cleave DNA in close of recognition site
Type-3 Cleave outside recognition sequence
Type-4 Cleave only modified DNA away from sites
Types of Ice Productions (Cube Ice + Flake Ice + Gourmet Ice)
Ultra Centrifuge
Ultra Low Temperature freezer
Ultra-low Temperature Freezer
Ultrametric tree define time changes between taxonomies
Ultraviolet lamp
Under-counter Freezer
Unequal Crossing over
Unicellular
Unicellular organisms
uniform heating
unstable in mitosis divisions
Unwinding DNA Double Helix
Upright Freezer
Uracil (U)
Use 70% ethanol alcohol or general disinfection
Use adaptors of known sequence as priming sites
Use clean and sterile Petri plates to prevent contaminations to avoid interference
Use Coarse Knob to focus and then fine adjustment knob to make the image crystal clear
Use E-test strip on top of agar
Use hand and eye protection
use in Biotechnology and Agriculture and Analytical Chemistry
Use in Laboratory Scales and Pharmaceutical Industries and Industrial Scales and other purposes
Use marker pen on Petri plate surface where bacterial colony located to mark colonies with dot of ink
Use nine sterile test tube
Use oxygen
use parallel sequencing platforms to sequence multiple samples in parallel
use parallel sequencing platforms to sequence multiple samples in parallel and sequence massively fragments at once
Use sealed container in mixing hazardous substances
Use sunlight
Use to remove solid impurities from liquids and analyze water quality and air pollutants and separate components in mixture
Use water and carbon dioxide
used as an analytical method frequently used in molecular biology
used in molecular biology
Used to control gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
using knife in microtome
Usual temperature for storing samples in freezers (-25ºC)
Usual temperature for storing samples in refrigerators (- 5ºC)
utilize citrate as one source of carbon
UTR
V Shape Chromosome
vaccines and medicines at specific temperature
Vacuole
Vacuoles
Vacuum Filtration
Vacuum prevents collision of electron with air
values of Mendelian trait (P/q)
Values of quantitative traits (Mean/Standard Deviation)
Vapor condensed and collected into receiving flask in form of drops distilled water.
Vapor Pressure
ventilate system
Vertical and Horizontal Chemical Fume Hood Cabinet operate by pulling air from lab space room into fume hood and out of building using sash in lowest to reduce chemical vapors to protect lab workers
Vertical Autoclave
Vertical Laminar Airflow Cabinet
Vertical sash
Vertical tube rotor
Viable and Dead Bacterial Cells
viable bacterial Cells
Viable Bacterial Cells Counting
vibration mode
Vibrio
Viral Growth
Virology
Virus
Viruses
viscosity
visualize morphological
VNTR marker highly polymorphic and co-dominant marker with multiple loci
VNTR marker initiate by extracting DNA and digest DNA with restriction enzymes to obtain multiple repeats sequence bands on gel electrophoresis and hybridize by DNA probe to detect repeated sequence
VNTR marker is a minisatellite DNA marker with various tandem repetitions
VNTR markers use in genetic linkage studies and genetic diversity within group of organisms and DNA fingerprinting for genetic map which may be useful in gene expression
Volume
Volume Measurements
Volume of Culture Plates
Volumetric Flask
Volumetric Flasks
vortex mixer
Vortex mixer depends on motor rotation to rotate rubber cup head in circular motion for sample homogenous mixture
Vortex Mixer use to mix small liquid volumes inside tubes by using electron motor with circular motion with variable speed ranging by press tube above rubber cup head for homogenization
Wash Bottle
Wash slide with distilled water
Washing hand with antimicrobial soap
Water
Water (Essential for growth all microorganisms)
Water (growth all microorganisms)
Water Bath
Water Baths use to heat biological samples at constant temperature for sterilization in below 100 degree Celsius or for incubation in about 37 degree Celsius over period of time
Water Evaporation
Water Filter
Water Inlet Valve
water movement
Water vapor
water-based solutions
Watson and Crick Model
Wax
Wax volume 25-30 Times Sample volume
Waxes
WDGE KNIFE
WDGE KNIFE Use for paraffin and frozen sections
Wear Lab Coat
Weight Bacterial Colonies
Weight Media Components
Well Plate
Western Blot use to detect protein
Whatman Filter Paper is a high-purity cellulose microfiber material use for laboratory filtration and separation by trap particles larger than pore size through gravity or vacuum
When scatter plot pattern (Lower Right to Upper Left) the correlation become negative and when scatter plot pattern (Lower Left to Upper Right) the correlation become positive
When using Whatman Filter Paper must select proper grade based on particle size and filtration speed requirements and fold circular paper in half then into quarters
whole chromosome probes
Whole Genome Sequencing is type of DNA sequencing determine complete DNA sequences in genome at single time (Chromosomes + Mitochondria + Chloroplast in plants)
Whole transcription RNA sequencing or Total RNA sequencing sequence all types of RNAs to target both coding and non-coding transcripts to provide all information about gene expression
Widely Used in Genetics and Microbiology and Pharmaceutical and Chemical
Wing Top
WinRHIZO
WinRhizo root analysis is an image analysis system specifically designed for automatic root measurement in different forms such as root morphology and root topology and root architecture
Wire Gauze
With release ammonia
With series dilutions of ethanol alcohol
withdraw wire along inoculum line without further stab lines
without relocate discs once contact agar surface
Wood Sticks
Woody Stem
Word similar to Short DNA Sequence
Work from left to right
Work in at least 6 inches inside hood
Work Surface
Work Surface (Lab bench inside hood)
workstation
X0 chromosome found in insects males and called heteromorphic or heterogametic chromosomes
XX chromosomes represent in mammals and insects females called Homomorphic or homogametic chromosomes while XY chromosome found in mammals males and called heteromorphic or heterogametic chromosomes
XX chromosomes represent in mammals and insects females. called Homomorphic or homogametic chromosome
XX-X0
XX-XY
xylen cyanol
Xylene cyanol
Xylene or Chloroform or Benzene
yellow and blue flame
Yellow Spot gene expressed in both normal and cancer cells
ZW chromosomes present in birds females and called Heteromorphic or heterogametic chromosomes whereas ZZ chromosomes found in birds males and called Homomorphic or homogametic chromosomes
ZW-ZZ
Zygotene
Zygotes
Zymology
μg/ml

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