GENETIC TEACHER

Genetic Information similar to Printed Information (Library similar to Body + Book similar to Cell + Chapter similar to Nucleus + Page Number similar to chromosome + Line on Page similar to Locus + Word similar to Short DNA Sequence + Letter similar to DNA Nucleotides) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

DNA Reference Samples as Sources of Biological Evidence in Human that are used for DNA profiling to detect presence of inherited characters (Sperm + Blood + Saliva + Hair with Root + Skin + Body Tissue + Bones + Teeth + Urine) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

DNA Typing depending upon RFLP markers that use genomic DNA digestion with restriction enzymes for hybridization with specific probe and AFLP markers which amplify specific regions by PCR reaction and all of these methods depending upon gel electrophoresis, Finding genes mean isolate genes with specific functions, Genetic Test mean detect specific sequence for sequence alignment with related species, Gene Chip or Microarray is a grid of spot of DNA on a tiny glass or silicon hybridize with fluorescence label DNA detect with computer optical scanner to analyze specific alleles for mRNA expression, Genetic Engineering is a process of direct manipulation of genome to analyze gene function therefore transgenic organisms such as transgenic microorganisms or transgenic plants or transgenic animals contains transgene from another source, Genomics is a global analysis of gene expression while Proteomics is a global analysis of protein expression (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher)

DNA markers study any kind of polymorphisms to identify individuals among and between species + Identify mutations + Identify DNA sequences from unknown DNA samples by identifying site specific mutagenesis using restriction mapping by doing DNA sequencing and southern blot to identify genomic regions so DNA markers use to study functional organization of genes + Study regulation of gene expression + Study evolutionary relationships between organisms therefore DNA markers depend upon genetic resources or genebank for germplasm taxonomy and identify gaps to develop core collection and develop conservative strategies as well (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Phenotypic Level study biometrical model and additive and dominance components while Transmission level study Mendelian segregation and genetic relatedness whereas population level study allele and genotype frequencies on the other hand DNA level study DNA structure and DNA organization and DNA recombination (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Molecular Markers or DNA markers occupy specific genomic positions within chromosomes to study genetic diversity between organisms so these markers not influence by environmental factors and not influence also by developmental stage of organism, Polymorphic bands Discriminate individuals while Monomorphic bands Not Discriminate individuals, Good Molecular Markers must be polymorphic and co-dominant inheritance throughout genome with high reproducible and resolution, Molecular Markers use for genetic diversity and marker assisted selection to get genome mapping, Single locus with two alleles refer to Biallelic markers such as SNP markers DNA Fingerprint amplify genomic segments that flanking by molecular markers by DNA Extraction + Markers Amplifications + Electrophoresis Separation + Bands Visualization + Bands Score + Data Analysis, Single Locus Markers (RFLP + SSR + STS) while Multi-Locus Markers (AFLP +RAPD) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Biochemical Markers include allelic variant of enzymes and these markers like morphological markers influence by environmental factors and by developmental stage of organism, In Isozymes studies one enzyme express more than one gene, In Allozymes studies one enzyme express one gene control by co-dominant alleles (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Morphological Markers refer to phenotypic traits that influence by environmental factors and by developmental stages of organism so close morphological markers represent gene tags, Additive effects of morphological markers represent main effects of alleles, Dominance effects of morphological markers represent interaction between alleles, Linkage morphological markers represent by variance and covariance analysis between individuals, Association morphological markers represent by calculating population mean (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

For Double Haploid Crosses and Recombinant Inbred Lines and Backcross F1 Crosses (Select the target parents for crosses + Select the objective of crosses direction + After obtain F1 crosses doubling pollen microspores of F1 crosses to induced chromosome to get double haploid crosses + To get recombinant inbred lines make self pollination for F1 crosses to get F2 crosses and select single plant after every generation + To get Backcross F1 crosses make backcross of F1 crosses with recurrent parent (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

PCR contents have main four components (Deionized water + PCR Mix + 10 Pico mole forward primer and 10 Pico mole reverse primer + DNA template) and after complete PCR reaction DNA samples load in wells of agarose gel from cathode to anode to show different sizes of samples, Agarose preparation (Add 1% of agarose powder + Melt agarose in 0.5 X TBE buffer + After cooling to 50% add 1 microliter ethidium bromide + Pour agarose in gel caster + Leave casting agarose to solidify + Set up the gel and remove comb and add loading buffer 0.5 X TBE buffer + Load samples + Run the gel on 70 Voltage + Visualize the gel on gel documentation system) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Gene is the basic unit of genetic information, Genome a collection of genetic information, chromosomes a storage units of genes, DNA a nucleic acid that contains genetic instructions, Locus a location of gene on chromosome, Allele is alternative form of gene, Dominant Allele express when pair with recessive allele, Recessive allele express when pair with another recessive allele (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

On the gel of Co-dominant Markers (Parent-1 has high molecular weight band / Parent-2 has small molecular weight band / Offspring-1 represent heterozygote bands as in parent one and two / Offspring-2 represent homozygote band as only in parent two), On the gel of Dominant Markers (Parent-1 has one band / Parent-2 has no band / Offspring-1 represent homozygote band as in Parent-1 / Offspring-2 doesn't show any band like Parent-2 (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Morphological Markers have limited loci numbers with dominant inheritance so it features are visible and linked to other traits, Protein Markers have limited loci numbers with co-dominant inheritance so these markers are easy use in specific tissue, RFLP Markers have almost unlimited loci numbers with co-dominant inheritance so these markers are important for restriction maps by using radioactive requirements, RAPD Markers have unlimited loci numbers with dominant inheritance therefore these markers are fast and easy use but with polymorphic problems, SSR Markers have high loci numbers with co-dominant inheritance so these markers have many polymorphism but in expensive cost (From DNA to mRNA to Protein) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

mRNA editing begin by cutting introns and splice exons together to produce different proteins, Every three bases on mRNA represent code for amino acid called codon and every amino acid represent according to the first three letters of amino acid name, Edited mRNA attach to ribosome and each codon of mRNA moves through ribosome after that amino acids joined together by chemical bonds called peptide bonds to build amino acid chain called polypeptide, Start codon (AUG) found at beginning of protein synthesis while the three stop codons (UAA/UAG/UGA) found at the end of protein or end of polypeptide chain and these stop codons doesn't code for any amino acid, Central Dogma of protein synthesis (From DNA to mRNA to Protein) (Watch Related Video in #geneticteacher) #geneticteacher

Chromatin contain DNA and Histone Proteins while Nucleosome represent chromatin coiled around histone proteins so Chromatin Regulation can be small scale in form of gene or large scale in form of chromosome, DNA Helix come from Metaphase Chromosome that derived proteins scaffold from looped domains which lead to tight helical fiber to Nucleosomes to DNA Nucleotides, The direction of gene start from 5’ to 3’ and between these ends there are promoter as control gene region + Transcription start site + Untranslated regions + Exons + Introns + Terminator sequence, The typical Prokaryotic Promoter have Recognition sequence + TATA Box + RNA Polymerase attachment for transcription, The typical Eukaryotic Promoter have Recognition sequence + TATA Box + Transcription Factors + RNA Polymerase II attachment for transcriptions, Exons refer to genes that are actually transcribed into mRNA while Promoter allow RNA polymerase to bind to begin transcription whereas Repressor prevent polymerase from bi...