GENETIC TEACHER

The factors affects crossing over are, distance (greater distance between genes higher the chance of crossing over), Age (crossing over decreases with advancement of age), Temperature (rate of crossing over increase above and below temperature of 22 degree Celsius), Sex (rate of crossing over differs according to sex) and Centromere (genes that are located adjacent centromere, show reduce frequency of crossing over #geneticteacher

Crossing over, provides direct evidence of linear arrangement of genes in the chromosome maps #geneticteacher

Crossing over occur between non sister chromatids between two homologues chromosomes, leads to exchange of equal segments of genes, leads to recombination between linked genes #geneticteacher

When two chiasmata formed, four chromatids are constructed #geneticteacher

Interstitial chiasmata occur when chiasmata located at the middle of the pairing chromatids #geneticteacher

Terminal chiasmata occur when chiasmata located at the end of the pairing chromatids #geneticteacher

Terminalization, movement of chiasmata away from centromere #geneticteacher

Number of chiasmata vary (0-50)% depending upon chromatid length #geneticteacher

Crossing over involve formation of hetero-duplex DNA #geneticteacher

If genes are in the same chromosome, multiple crossing over occurs #geneticteacher

Chiasmata presented crossing over sites #geneticteacher

Crossing over, breakage and rejoining randomly of homologous chromosomes between non-sister chromatids produced chiasmata, creating new alleles combination on each chromosome #geneticteacher

FISH Technique begin with denature target DNA or chromosome and probe for hybridization for florescent staining #geneticteacher

Whole chromosome and Telomeric Probes, define terminal boundaries of chromosomes 5 and 3 ends that related to genetic abnormalities #geneticteacher

Centromere probes, define centromere regions using DAPI stain or non specific DNA banding dyes with high A-T bonds #geneticteacher

Probe, use in study transcription genes at cellular levels, to provide direct visual evidence of gene expression from a particular chromosome #geneticteacher

Each probe have different color to identify specific chromosomal segment for the whole chromosome, centromere and specific locus #geneticteacher

Probes, label with fluorochrome dyes in different colors by UV-light #geneticteacher

FISH Technique close the gap between cytogenetic and molecular analysis by selecting acquired genetic changes or chromosomal abnormalities in dividing cells metaphase and nondividing cells interphase in form of colored karyotypes based on chromosome size, centric index and banding patterns #geneticteacher

Chromosomal Fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH Technique or chromosome painting, powerful method use to localize nucleic acid sequences on mitotic phase chromosomes or in interphase cells, using appropriate probes labelled with single, dual or multiple colored with fluorescent dyes for fast specific detection #geneticteacher

when one gene assign to specific chromosome, all genes belongs to same linkage group are assigned to that chromosome #geneticteacher

Interphase FISH Technique, use to preciously define the cell pool that carrying abnormalities chromosomes #geneticteacher

For Metaphase FISH Technique, biological materials (3 methanol : 1 acetic acid) and smeared on cleaned slide, then dry at various temperature #geneticteacher

Chromosome arm ration q/p use to classify chromosomes as Metacentric, Submetacentric, Acrocentric and Telocentric #geneticteacher

Microscope that construct Karyotype drive by Metafer-4 Software meta-system #geneticteacher

Each chromosome in karyotype tagged with reference number #geneticteacher

The length of each chromosome arms measured by micrometer scale #geneticteacher

On bandied chromosome darkly stained called positive bands and lightly stained called negative bands #geneticteacher

Karyotype could be useful tool for identification of chromosome segments that predominantly consist of either GC or AT rich regions or constitutive heterochromatin #geneticteacher

Karyotype, describe chromosome size, centromere position, presence or absence satellite, banding patterns and any differences between chromosomes using standard staining procedures that reveal characteristic structural features for each chromosome #geneticteacher

Karyotype, process of pairing and ordering all somatic cells metaphase chromosomes to study genome organization #geneticteacher

Karyotype, constructed by metaphase chromosome pairs into classes on the bases of centromere positions such as Metacentric, Submetacentric, Acrocentric and Telocentric, then arrange the homologues pairs in order of size from biggest to smallest #geneticteacher

Stop cell divisions in metaphase done by adding colchicine by dissolving 10 mg colchicine with 100 mg NaCl in 20 ml distilled water #geneticteacher

C-Banding Technique, staining centromere by treating with acid followed by alkali prior to G-Banding #geneticteacher

Q-Banding Technique, treat with Quinicrine dye giving rise to florescent bands, and requires an ultraviolet fluorescent microscope #geneticteacher

R-Banding Technique, heat then treat with Giemsa stain #geneticteacher

G-Banding Technique, traits with trypsin then with Giemsa stain #geneticteacher

Heterochromatin, condensed inter-coiled chromatin contains two to three times of DNA than Euchromatin #geneticteacher

Euchromatin, extended form of chromatin to form the major portion of chromosomes #geneticteacher

Circular Chromosomes found in Bacteria and Viruses #geneticteacher

Linear Chromosomes found in Eukaryotes #geneticteacher

Chromosomes contains hundred to thousands linear arrays of genes #geneticteacher

DNA, organized into informational units called genes. #geneticteacher

Chromatin, consist of DNA and histones proteins. #geneticteacher

Chromosome, consist of two chromatids joined at centromere and composed chromatin strand. #geneticteacher

Acetocarmine Stain, used to stain chromosomes than other components of cytoplasm in cell #geneticteacher

Free online Lectures and Notes e.g. Biological Sciences, Life Sciences, Biotechnology, Biosciences, Bioinformatics, Genetic, Cytogenetic, Genetic Engineering, Germplasm Resources, Biodiversity, Biostatistics, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Agriculture Sciences, Botany, Zoology, Animal Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, Crop Sciences, Horticultural Sciences, Molecular Genetics, Molecular Markers, Genetic Diversity, Plant Tissue Culture, Microbial Genetics, Quantitative Genetic, Genomic, Immunology, Mutations, Population Genetics. #geneticteacher